A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, ON A NEW AND EASY PLAN, FROM THE LATEST AND BEST AUTHORITIES; INCLUDING ALSO THE ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY AND OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, A VARIETY OF PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE TERRESTRIAL AND A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY, IN THE FORM OF A GAZETTEER, CONTAINING THE NAMES OF PLACES WHICH OCCUR IN THE WORK. For the Use of Schools and Private Students. BY THOMAS EWING, AUTHOR OF PRINCIPLES OF ELOCUTION, THE ENGLISH LEARNER, AND Twentieth Edition, CAREFULLY REVISED AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED. EDINBURGH: OLIVER AND BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE TWENTIETH EDITION. WHILE the present Edition has been considerably extended, and, it is hoped, improved, the original plan of the work has been faithfully preserved; so that teachers who have previously used it, will find the same general arrangement to which they have been accustomed. Numerous alterations have been rendered necessary by recent events on the Continent of Europe and elsewhere. To the descriptive notices of the more important towns several additions have been made, but without materially increasing the whole extent of such matter. The historical and statistical information has been revised, and the descriptions of the natural or physical geography have been rendered more specific where there existed means for so doing. The Astronomical portion has undergone a complete revision by an eminent authority on the subject, and several new and important facts have been incorporated with the text. The Vocabulary has been much enlarged, so as to include a number of places that have altogether grown up, or have increased in mark, within the last few years; and the populations of the several towns have been corrected according to the latest returns. Altogether, the Publishers venture to hope that the present Edition of Ewing's Geography, while retaining those features which have rendered it so useful and popular as a schoolbook, will be found to furnish the most complete picture of the world-in its general astronomical and physical phenomena, its natural and artificial divisions, its countries with their inhabitants, their various physical and economical features, their towns, products, and manufactures, their trade, customs, institutions, and history-that has ever yet been exhibited in any elementary treatise on Geography. PREFACE. THE plan of this System of Geography for Advanced Classes is as follows:-In the first place, the boundaries, divisions, towns, islands, mountains, lakes, bays, capes, and rivers of the several countries are accurately and perspicuously stated; the ancient divisions are likewise mentioned, and illustrative notes added on all these particulars. Then succeed-1st, The Historical Geography of the country, comprehending its names, extent, chronology, and antiquities; 2d, Its Political Geography, including an account of the religion, government, army, navy, and revenue; 3d, Its Civil Geography, in which the manners and customs, language, literature, manufactures, and commerce of the inhabitants are described; 4th, Its Physical Geography, containing an account of the climate and seasons, appearance, soil and agriculture, animals, minerals, and natural curiosities. Under the head of Chronology, the history of each country is traced to the most remote antiquity, and brought down to the date of publication. At convenient intervals, exercises are inserted, which will afford a useful help for the purpose of examination. They are made to embrace several countries at once, so as to secure greater diligence and more extensive preparation on the part of the pupil; and they can easily be varied or their number increased at the discretion of the teacher. The pupil is likewise introduced to the use of the Terrestrial and Celestial Globes, in a description of their nature and applications, accompanied by a number of useful rules and problems, |