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similar to the one adopted by the Board of Supervisors of San Mateo County, which is in part as follows:

SECTION 1. All pools of water or other places in which mosquitoes are being bred are hereby declared to be public nuisances. All health officers of the county, and the boards of health of all cities and towns in the county, are hereby given authority, and it is made their duty, upon the complaint, in writing, of any resident of the county, or city or town, to condemn as nuisances all such pools of water or other places in which mosquitoes are being bred, and order the summary abatement thereof. SEC. 2. Upon being notified by such health officers or boards of health of the existence of such pools of water or other places in which mosquitoes are bred, and that the same has been declared a public nuisance by said health officers or said boards of health, it shall be the duty of the person or persons responsible for the maintenance thereof to forthwith abate such nuisance, and all persons refusing or neglecting to forthwith abate such nuisance, as directed by said health officers or boards of health, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than fifty ($50) dollars or be imprisoned in the county jail not more than twenty-five (25) days, or by both such fine and imprisonment.

As the mosquito which invades the house seldom flies far, individual action would do much good, and if all persons keep their own premises free from breeding places they will materially lessen the supply. Since ranchmen have complete control of their surroundings, and can generally, with very little trouble, prevent accumulations of water, they should never have mosquitoes to trouble them. If they have a water tank it should be screened with wire cloth of fine mesh; all watering troughs for stock should be carefully cleaned twice a week; no cans, barrels, or pails of water should be allowed to stand; all pools should be drained; even the tracks of stock in the ground, being breeding places for the pest when filled with water, should not be allowed. Where it is impossible to drain or protect, coal oil on the water will kill the wigglers, which would later develop into mosquitoes.

Every person interested in the destruction of mosquitoes should keep in mind the following points:

First-The wigglers seen in stagnant water become mosquitoes. Second-They breed only in water, generally stagnant; never in grass or weeds.

Third-The wiggler has to breathe in order to live, and comes to the top of the water for that purpose.

Fourth-The ordinary fresh-water mosquito does not fly far from its breeding place, seldom exceeding six hundred yards.

Fifth-Besides being a decided nuisance, mosquitoes carry disease, especially yellow fever and malaria.

Sixth-To be rid of them we have simply to destroy their breeding places. This can be done by allowing no stagnant water to remain uncovered. In case pools can not be drained, coal oil on the water will prevent the wigglers breathing, and will therefore destroy them. Seventh-Goldfish in small ponds of water will destroy the wigglers.

SUMMER SCHOOL OF SANITARY SCIENCE AND HYGIENE.

The following course in Sanitary Science and Hygiene has been laid out for the Summer Session at the State University in Berkeley, from June 25 to August 4, 1906. This is the best opportunity ever offered in the State for health officers and others to get up-to-date instruction in these important subjects. If every health officer and teacher in the State could attend these lectures, a vast amount of good would be done :

SANITARY SCIENCE.

CHARLES GILMAN HYDE, C.E., Assistant Professor of Sanitary Engineering. 1. Sanitary Science, Municipal and State Sanitation. Assistant Professor HYDE.

A series of popular lectures, many of them richly illustrated with lantern slides, giving an outline of the most recent developments of knowledge concerning the relations of Sanitary Science to the public health; the sanitary aspect of the problems of cleanness, of pure air, pure water, and pure food; other important problems of the municipality and state; health laws and the organization, powers, and duties of boards of health.

This course is intended primarily for teachers, health officers, members of health and other municipal boards, and for all persons interested in the development of better sanitary standards and who are aware of the importance of public education in sanitation. 2 units.

Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, 10 a. M. Room 2, Agricultural Building.

Character of Sewage

2. Potability of Water, Water Purification and Sanitation: and Refuse, and Their Disposal. Assistant Professor HYDE. The pure-water problem; a discussion of the quality of water from the diathetic, enumerical, and sanitary points of view; methods of conserving the purity of public water supplies; systems of water purification.

Study of the character of sewage, garbage, and other municipal wastes; of the principles underlying their treatment and proper disposal; systems in use. 2 units. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, 11 a. M. Room 2, Agricultural Building.

HYGIENE.

ARCHIBALD ROBINSON WARD, B.S.A., D.V.M., Assistant Professor of Bacteriology and Director of the State Hygienic Laboratory.

1. Bacteriology of Food Products. Assistant Professor WARD.
Popular lectures on bacteria and their relation to the health of the home.
course will include a discussion of the pure-milk problem. 1 unit.
Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 9 A. M. Room 2, Agricultural Building.

The

Lectures and

2. Bacteriology of the Infectious Diseases. Assistant Professor WARD. Designed primarily for physicians and students of medicine. laboratory work, which latter will be adapted to the needs of the individual. Lectures Tuesday and Thursday, 9 A. M. Room 2, Agricultural Building. Laboratory work at hours to be arranged, to occupy at least three half-days a week.

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN ITS RELATION TO PUBLIC HEALTH.

By ARCHIBALD R. WARD, D.V.M.

In 1901, at the International Tuberculosis Congress in London, Dr. Robert Koch promulgated a theory that checked, for about five years, the efforts of health officers to protect the public from tuberculosis of bovine origin. His views presented at that meeting cast a cloud of uncertainty over the matter of the communicability of tuberculosis from cattle to man. The immediate result was a marked stimulation of research on the subject, for the conclusions of Koch were received with incredulity by most men who had investigated the problem. There has been a lull in the battle against bovine tuberculosis, because the immense financial interests involved warranted delay until further evidence could be obtained by research. None of the work recently reported strengthens Koch's conclusions; on the contrary, his position has been shown to be untenable. The idea predominating among writers on the subject now is that Koch was wrong and that there is ample justification for protecting infants against milk of tubercular cows. The following report is not without interest in showing how completely the work of Koch has been discredited.

By way of explaining the importance of the results of the commission's work on the transmission of human tuberculosis to cattle, it should be noted that this flatly contradicts the results obtained by Koch. He made a few attempts to infect cattle from man and, failing, assumed that this would never occur. This assumption is advanced by him. as an argument that the disease in cattle and man is not intercommunicable, and hence different.

INTERIM REPORT OF ROYAL COMMISSION ON TUBERCULOSIS.

The Royal Commission which was appointed on 31st of August, 1901, to inquire into the relations of human and animal tuberculosis, has issued the following interim report, which is signed by all of the commissioners:

To the King's Most Excellent Majesty,

May it please your Majesty, we, your Majesty's commissioners, appointed to inquire and report with respect to tuberculosis:

1. Whether the disease in animals and man is one and the same; 2. Whether animals and man can be reciprocally infected with it; 3. Under what conditions, if at all, the transmission of the disease from animals to man takes place, and what are the circumstances favorable or unfavorable to such transmission:

humbly submit this report on the progress which we have made in the inquiry.

The greater part of the above reference is directed to the view which had been expressed that the bacillus which gives rise to tuberculosis in the human being, and that therefore the presence of the bovine bacillus in the milk or flesh of the cow, consumed as food by man, is not to be regarded as a cause of tuberculosis in the latter. To this point we first turned our attention.

After duly considering the matter, we came to the conclusion that it would be desirable not to begin the inquiry by taking evidence-that is to say, by collecting the opinions of others (though this might be desirable at a later stage)-but to attack the problem laid before us by conducting experimental investigations of our own.

The first line of inquiry upon which we entered may be stated as follows:

What are the effects produced by introducing into the body of the bovine animal (calf, heifer, cow), either through the alimentary canal as food, or directly into the tissues by subcutaneous or other injection, tuberculous material of human origin-i. e., material containing living tubercle bacilli obtained from various cases of tuberculous disease in human beings-and how far do these effects resemble or differ from the effects produced by introducing into the bovine animal, under conditions as similar as possible, tuberculous material of bovine origini. e., material containing living tubercle bacilli obtained from cases of tuberculous disease in the cow, calf, or ox?

We have up to the present time made use in the above inquiry of more than twenty different "strains" of tuberculous material of human origin-that is to say, of material taken from more than twenty cases of tuberculous disease in human beings, including sputum from phthisical

patients and the diseased parts of the lungs in pulmonary tuberculosis, mesenteric glands in primary abdominal tuberculosis, tuberculous bronchial and cervical glands, and tuberculous joints. We have compared the effects produced by several different strains of tuberculous material of bovine origin.

In the case of seven of the above strains of human origin, the introduction of the human tuberculous material into cattle gave rise at once to acute tuberculosis, with the development of widespread disease in various organs of the body, such as the lungs, spleen, liver, lymphatic glands, etc. In some instances the disease was of remarkable severity. In the case of the remaining strains, the bovine animal into which the tuberculous material was first introduced was affected to a less extent. The tuberculous disease was either limited to the spot where the material was introduced (this occurred, however, in two instances only, and these at the very beginning of our inquiry), or spread to a variable extent from the seat of inoculation along the lymphatic glands, with, at most, the appearance of a very small amount of tubercle in such organs as the lungs and spleen. The tuberculous material taken from the bovine animal thus affected, and introduced successively into other bovine animals, or into guinea-pigs from which bovine animals were subsequently inoculated, has, up to the present, in the case of five remaining strains, ultimately given rise in the bovine animal to general tuberculosis of an intense character; and we are still carrying out observations in this direction.

We have very carefully compared the disease thus set up in the bovine animal by material of human origin with that set up in the bovine animal by material of bovine origin, and so far we have found the one, both in its broad general features and in its finer histological details, to be identical with the other. We have so far failed to discover any character by which we could distinguish the one from the other; and our records contain accounts of the post-mortem examinations of bovine animals infected with tuberculous material of human origin which might be used as typical descriptions of ordinary bovine tuberculosis. The results which we have thus obtained are so striking that we have felt it our duty to make them known without further delay in the present interim report.

We defer to a further report all narration of the details of our examinations (and we may say that up to the present time we have made use of more than two hundred bovine animals), as well as all discussions, including those dealing with the influence of dose and of individual as well as racial susceptibility, with questions of the specific virulence of the different strains of bacilli, with the relative activity of cultures of bacilli and of emulsions of tuberculous organs and tissues, and with other points. In that report we shall deal fully with all these matters, as well as with the question why our results differ from those of some other observers.

Meanwhile we have thought it our duty to make this short interim report, for the reason that the result at which we have arrived—namely, that tubercle of human origin can give rise in the bovine animal to tuberculosis identical with ordinary bovine tuberculosis--seems to us to show quite clearly that it would be most unwise to frame or modify iegislative measures in accordance with the view that human and bovine

tubercle bacilli are specifically different from each other, and that the disease caused by the one is a wholly different thing from the disease caused by the other.

THE FLY AND THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS.

"The recent stress which has been laid on alimentary infection in tuberculosis should lead to a more careful consideration of the means by which tubercle bacilli may reach the alimentary canal. The recent studies of Lord show that the ubiquitous fly may play an important part in alimentary transmission. The bacilli not only pass the alimentary canal of the fly unchanged, but undergo a marked proliferation there. Fly specks may contain as many as 5,000 bacilli, and, according to Lord's computations, thirty infected flies may deposit within three days from 6,000,000 to 10,000,000 tubercle bacilli. The danger does not seem to be from the liberation of bacilli in the air, but from the deposition of the fly specks on food. That this can and does occur under certain circumstances was abundantly demonstrated by our experience with typhoid fever during the Spanish-American war. We should bear in mind the possibility of infection by the fly and be much more strict than we are at present in the disposition of sputum and in the protection of foodstuffs, and this refers particularly to the summer months."-Journal of American Medical Association.

SMALLPOX.

Reports of smallpox still come from all parts of the State, although active work on the part of local health officers has kept it from becoming extensively epidemic. During December, January, and February there were in San Francisco 99 cases. Dr. Ragan, Health Officer of that city, in his February report, says:

Of

"The history of the entire 99 cases (taken at the smallpox hospital) shows that 96 of them were never vaccinated; three were vaccinated once, the remaining scar being evidence of a successful 'take.' None of these individuals infected had been vaccinated since childhood. these 99 cases, 47 were of the confluent type, 52 of the discrete type, and one of the hemorrhagic type. The mortality in the 99 cases was four-one of these being the hemorrhagic case above noted."

This is the universal observation. Very few that have ever been vaccinated have the disease. Health officers should see that cases are not allowed to go free until they are entirely clean of scabs, for as long as the remains of one are left the patient is dangerous. It is far better to be on the safe side, by keeping a patient a few days longer, than to have others contract the disease.

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Postal report cards have been sent to all health officers known to the State Board, on which to make monthly report of diseases. A few send them regularly. Why don't the rest? It is a State law, and every officer swears to obey the law.

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