quale, della qual, dei quali, delle quali, da cui, dal quale, con cui, col quale, per cui, &c.: Amor depose la faretra e l'arco Onde sempre va carco. Cupid laid down the bow and quiver, With which he is always armed. (TASSO.) Onde is likewise used in prose, and means in order to Ex.: Annibale, onde penetrare in Italia, passò per la Spagna; Annibal, in order to penetrate into Italy, passed through Spain. Quale with tale, signifies quality or resemblance; as, Qual è il, padre, tale è il figlio; as is the father, so is the son; or, like father, like son. Tale quale io lo vidi, such as I saw him. It may also have the same signification without tale; as divenne pallido qual è la morte, he became as pale as death. EXERCISE XIII. 1. Who has greater pride, and less humanity, than a fortunate fool? 2. What use is it for a fool to have great riches, since they cannot serve him to purchase wisdom? 3.. Conscience is the voice of the soul; the passions are the voice of the body to which of the two voices ought we to listen? 4. When I see the birds form their nests with so much art, I ask what master has taught them mathematics and architecture? VOCABUARY. 1. Has, ha; greater, mag gior; pride, orgoglio; less minor; humanity, umanità; fool, sciocco; fortunate, felice. 2. What use is it for, che serve a; a fool, insensato; great riches, gran richezza; since, poichè; they cannot, non possono; to serve, servire; to purchase, a com prare; wisdom, sapienza. 3. Conscience, coscienza; voice, voce; passion, pussione; are, sono; body, corpo; ought we, bisogna; to listen, ascoltare. 4. When, quando; I see, vedo; bird, uccello; to form, formare; nest, nido; with, con; art, arte; I ask, domando; master, maestro; 5. What is true comedy? It is the art of teaching virtue and decency in action, and in discourse. 6. Socrates was instructed in eloquence by a woman whose name was Aspasia. 7. The first study of man, is man himself: of what use to him is the finest knowledge, if he neither knows himself nor his fellow-creatures! 8. Philip said to his son Alexander, in giving him Aristotle for a preceptor, "Learn under so good a master, to avoid the faults into which I have fallen, myself. 9. Nothing was wanting in Terentius but to be less cold. What purity! what exactitude! what characters! nothing was wanting in Moliere but to avoid jargon and barbarism, and to write with purity. What fire! what natural simplicity! what a source of good has taught, ha insegnato; mathematics, matematiche; architecture, architettura. 5. What is, cosa è; true, vero; comedy, commedia; is, è; to teach, insegnare; virtue, virtù; decency, decenza; in action, in azione; in discourse, in dialogo. 6. Was instructed, fu istruito; eloquence, eloquenza; by, da; woman, donna; name, rome; Aspasia, era Aspasia. was 7. Study, studio; man, uomo; himself, stesso; use, servono; fine, bello; knowledge, cognizione; if he neither knows, se non conosce nè; himself, sè stesso; fellow-creature, simile. 8. Philip, Filippo; said, disse; son, figlio; Alexander, Alessandro; in giving, dando; Aristotle, Aristotele; for preceptor, per precettore; learn under so good a master, imparate sotto un così buon maestro; to avoid, sfuggire; fault, fallo, I have fallen, sono caduto io. 9. Nothing was wanting in Terentius, non è mancato a Terenzio; but to be, che l'essere; cold, freddo; purity, purezza; exactitude, esattezza; character, carattere; nothing was wanting but, è solo mancato a; to avoid, l'evitare; jargon gergo; barbarism, barba humour! what an imitation | rismo; to write, scrivere; of manners; what images, and what a scourge of ridicule! But what a man might have been formed of these two comic writers! sor with purity, puramente; fire, LESSON XIV. ON INDETERMINATE PRONOUNS. WHEN the words each or every precede a substantive in the singular, they are rendered by ogni, of both genders, and must always precede the noun, which is only used in the singular; as, Ogni uomo dotto è lodato, every learned man is praised; Ogni donna prudente è stimata, every prudent woman is esteemed.* All, is rendered by tutto, which agrees in gender and number with the noun. Ex.: Tutti gli alberi, all the trees; tutto le porte, all the doors, &c. Every thing, in the following phrases and the like, is rendered by ogni cosa, each thing. Ex.: Ho perduto ogni cosa, I have lost every thing; la precipitazione ha guastato ogni cosa, precipitancy has spoiled every thing. In phrases expressing a fixed or limited space of time, ogni, each or every, is used with a singular noun. Ex.: Prendo lezione ogni giorno, I take a lesson every day; vado a trovarla ogni dì, I go to see her every day; vo in Roma ogni due anni, I go to Rome every two years; pago l'affitto ogni tre mesi, I pay my rent every three months. Altro, when used in an absolute sense, and without reference to any noun, signifies another thing, or something else; as, parliamo d'altro, let us speak of something else. Altri is sometimes employed substantively in the singular, and then it only relates to persons; as, Altri è There is one word only, Ognissanti, signifying All-Saints'-day, in which ogni is joined to santi, and is plural. dotto, altri è ignorante; this one is learned, the other is ignorant: or, this one is learned, that one is ignorant. You may also say, chi è dotto, chi è ignorante; qual è dotto, qual è ignorante; or questi è dotto, quegli è ignorante. Altrui, others, makes in the genitive d'altrui, of others; dative, ad altrui, to others; ablative, da altrui, from others. You may even suppress the prepositions in the genitive and dative; for they say, il male altrui, or l'altrui male, the evil of others; so also ciò che si deve altrui; or ciò che altrui si deve, for ciò che si deve ad altrui; what one owes to others. Altrui with the article, signifies the property of others; as, bisogna guardarsi di tor l'altrui; we ought not to take away the property of others. Veruno, niuno, or nessuno, no one; niente, or nulla, nothing; when they come before the verb, do not admit the negative particle non; as niuno è pienamente felice, no one is perfectly happy: but non must be used when they are placed after the verb; as, non v'è nessuno, there is no one; non v'è niente, there is nothing. Observe, however, that if a phrase contain several verbs, the words nessuno, niente, &c. must be placed after the last verb. Ex.: non ne volea far niente, he would do nothing in it. Observe also that alcuno, with non, may be used in the same sense as nessuno, or niuno, as non ne conosco alcuno, I know none of them. Qualche, some, is only used in the singular; and alcuni, alcune, in the plural. Ex.: qualche volta, some times; alcuni signori, some gentlemen; alcune signore, some ladies. However, or as, before an adjective followed by a verb, are rendered by, per quanto, indeclinable, or sometimes by per only; as, Per quanto dotto voi siate, or per dotto che voi siate, ignorate molte cose; however learned you may be, you are ignorant of many things. Per quanto fortunata ella sia, or per fortunata ch'ella sia, si crede sempre infelice; however fortunate she may be, or, as fortunate as she is, she always thinks herself unfortunate. Whatever, before a substantive, accompanied by a verb, is rendered by, per quanto, which must agree with the substantive, with the following verb in the subjunctive: as, Per quanti sforzi egli faccia, non arriverà mai al suo fine; whatever efforts he may make, he will never attain his end; Per quante ricchezze eglino possedano, non saranno mai contenti; whatever riches they may possess, they will never be contented. Remarks on various Indeterminate Pronouns, with examples to elucidate their use and meaning. The whole, or entire, is generally rendered by tutto, tutta, or intero, intera, and their plurals. Ex.: Tutto il mondo, the whole world; l'intero corso della sua vita, the entire course of his life. &c. Observe, the whole, or entire, is also rendered idiomatically by tutto quanto, tutta quanta, and their plurals, to express collectively all the parts of a whole. Ex.: Il paese tutto quanto è stato saccheggiato, the whole of the country has been plundered; le camere tutte quante si sono abbrucciate, all the rooms have been consumed by fire. Ex.: In speaking of persons, tutti quanti, means all, as many as we are, as you were, as they were, &c. Ci vincerà tutti quanti, he will conquer us all, as many as we are; vi avremmo uccisi tutti quanti, we should have killed you all, as many as you were; gli avreste rubati tutti quanti, you would have robbed them all, as many as they were. The adverb quite, always becomes an adjective in Italian, and is rendered by tutto, tutta, &c. Ha le orecchie tutte scorticate, his ears are quite skinned, or, the skin of his ears is quite torn off. Whoever, whatever, however, are rendered by qualsisia, qualsivoglia, in the singular; and by qualsisiano, qualsivogliano, in the plural, or by chiunque, and qualunque, which have no plural. Ex.: chiunque egli sia, whoever he may be; sopra un motivo qualunque, on any motive whatever; si rampica in un momento sopra qualsisia più alto muro, he climbs in an instant on any wall, however high it may be; qualsivogliano tesori del mondo, non lo sedurrebbero, all the treasures in the world, whatever they may be, would not corrupt him. Something or anything are often rendered by nulla, or niente. Ex.: Tu le dirai s'ella vuol nulla, or niente, thou wilt ask her whether she will take any thing. Every body or each are rendered by ciascuno, ciasche F 2 |