terà; if she marry, or will marry, I will give her three hundred sequins.

Sometimes the infinitive may be used in the place of the indicative, after the manner of the Latins.-Ex.: sapete che Dio è misericordioso, or sapete esser Dio misericordioso, you know that God is merciful.

The Italians generally use the conditional tense in lieu of the imperfect of the subjunctive, as in English.-Ex.: Se avesse detto questo m'avrebbe fatto piacere, if he had said that he would have pleased me.

Though that should be, or supposing that should happen, and other similar phrases, are rendered in Italian by the imperfect of the subjunctive instead of the conditional; as, quando ciò fosse, quando ciò accadesse, &c. or quand' anche ciò fosse, quand' anche ciò accadesse, &c. and not quando ciò sarebbe, or quando ciò accaderebbe.

Observe, that the verbs temere, to fear; and volere, to will, followed by the conjunction che, require the subjunctive in Italian.-Ex.: Teme che il suo amico parta, he fears that his friend will depart; voglio che mio fratello esca, I will have my brother go out. The negative particle is used as in English, as, temo che il mio amico non venga, I fear my friend will not come.

The subjunctive mood cannot be used in Italian, except when preceded by another verb, expressed or understood, generally indicating desire, fear, wish, surprise, doubt, &c.-Ex.: piacesse al cielo ch' io fossi con lei! would to heaven I were with her! temo che sia partito, I fear that he is gone away; voglio che tu parta, I insist upon your going; Ah! se io la vedessi! Oh! if I saw her! mi pare che si sia fatta più bella, it seems to me she is become more handsome.

Quando, ove, dove, quando che, being used instead of the conditional particle se, require after them the subjunctive mood.-Ex.: quand, or ove così non fosse, for se così non fosse, if it were not so.

To describe an action just done, or about to be done, the Italians express themselves in the following manner. -Ex.: L'ho veduto poco fa, poc' anzi, testè, ora, or ora, in questo punto, I have just seen him; non crederete quel

che vi dirò, quel che sono, or sto per dirvi, you will not believe what I am about, or what I am going, to tell you.

The Italians generally use the verb amare to express love or freindship; for every other affection they use the verb piacere, to please, which agrees with the object liked Ex.: mi piacciono i capelli neri, I like black hair, that is black hair pleases me; le piace molto la lettura, she is very fond of reading, that is, reading pleases her much.

The infinitive of Italian verbs may be employed substantively with the article, and serve in a phrase as the nominative or accusative of the discourse. Ex.: è utile il leggere e lo studiare i buoni autori, it is useful to read and study good authors, or, the reading and studying of good authors is useful; voi mi vietate l'andare a spasso, you forbid me to go to walk, or, walking is forbidden me by you. (See page 33, § 9.)

The infinitive, preceded by a preposition, is generally used in Italian where the participle present is used in English. Ex.: per farlo, for doing it; dopo aver parlato, after having spoken.

An English participle present in the accusative, governed by a verb, is rendered in Italian by the infinitive mood. Ex.: lo vedo venire, I see him coming; la sento cantare, I hear her singing.

Past Participle with the Auxiliary Avere, to have.

The past participle of a verb, having avere for auxiliary, generally agrees in gender and number with its direct government, when the governing noun precedes the participle.* Ex.:

La lettera che ho scritta,t
I libri che ho comprati,

The letter that I have written.
The books that I have bought.

* By the direct government of the past participle is meant its accusative, which is either a noun or a pronoun.

+ Observe, that all the Italian past participles terminate in o for the singular masculine, as scritto, comprato, written, bought, &c. When the participle is declined, it takes the termination in a for the feminine singular, in i for the masculine plural, and in e for the feminine plural, always according to the gender and number of the noun to which it relates

it

But when its government is placed after the participle, may either agree with it or not; therefore one may

say,

Ho scritto, or scritta la lettera,

Ho comprato, or comprati i libri,

I have written the letter.

I have bought the books.

Observe, that the past participle is always declined when it has for its direct government the pronouns lo, la, li, le, and agrees in gender and number with the noun of, which they supply the place. Ex.:

L'ho veduto,
L'ho veduta,

Li orgli ho salutati, mas.
Le ho salutate, fem.

I have seen him.

I have seen her.

I have saluted them.

And not gli ho salutato, le ho salutato, which would not be correct Italian.

The same construction generally takes place when the past participle relates to the pronouns, mi, ti, ci, vi. Ex.: egli mi ha chiamato, mas., chiamata, fem., he has called me; il generale ci ha invitati, mas. plur., invitate, fem. plur., the general has invited us, &c.

Past Participle with the Auxiliary Essere, to be.

The past participle of a verb, with essere for its auxiliary, always agrees in gender and number with its subject.† Ex.:

Egli è venuto,

He is come.
She is come.

Ella è venuta,

Eglino sono venuti, mas.
Elleno sono venute, fem.

}

They are come.

• Li is often written gli before a vowel, an h (which letter is always mute at the commencement of a word), or an s impure, for the sake of a softer sound. But some use li invariably, even in such instances, to avoid ambiguity of pronouns.

By the subject of the past participle is meant its nominative, which may be either a noun or a pronoun, as, Pietro è andato a Roma, Peter is gone to Rome; ella è andata a Parigi, she is gone to Paris.

Participles employed without the auxiliary equally agree with the noun to which they relate.

Una casa abitata,

Castelli diroccati,

Ex.:

An inhabited house.
Ruined castles.

The past participle, combined with essere, agrees with the following noun in these phrases. Ex.:

Mi sono luvate le mani,
Ci siamo lavata la testa,

I have washed my hands.

We have washed our heads.

The verb essere being used for avere in these phrases, as ho lavate le mani, abbiamo lavata la testa.

The gerunds of the auxiliary verbs avere and essere are sometimes omitted and understood before the past participles, which are then used alone, taking the gender and number of the noun or pronoun that follows them.

Fatto questo partì (instead of avendo fatto questo partì), Finita la cena se ne andò (instead of essendo finita la cena), &c.

Ex.:

Having done this he departed.

The supper being finished he went away.

The conjunctions dopo, quando, appena, after, when, as soon as, &c., are sometimes suppressed before the compound tenses of some Italian idioms, and the participle placed first in the phrase. Ex.:

Veduto ch' ebbe il suo amico,

Letto che avrà il mio libro,

After he had seen his friend (literally,

seen that he had his friend). When he has read my book (literally, read that he will have my book).

Such inversions are elegantly used in Italian in the high style of composition; but in familiar conversation we say more usually, without suppressing the conjunctions, dopo ch' ebbe veduto il suo amico, quando avrà letto il mio libro, &c.

5. A preacher having 5. Preacher, predicatore; tired out his audience by to tire, annojare; audience,