of, bought for Majorinus, ii. 141, note. Religious discord generated there by the factions of Cæcilian and Donatus, 389. Its five hundred ecclesiastical ministers, ii. 374, and note.
Carthage, the temple of Venus there con- verted into a Christian church, iii. 285. Conference held there condemns the Donatists, 533. Is surprised by Gen. seric, 542.
Carthage, the gates of, opened to Belisarius, iv. 374. Alterations produced by time in its-ite, 375, note. Its walls of, repaired by Belisarius, 377. A synod held there sup- presses the Arian worship, 381. Insur- rection of the Roman troops there, 498.
is reduced and pillaged by Hassan, vi. 83. Subsequent history of, 83. Carthagena, a silver mine worked there, i.
Carus, emperor, a chief trained by Aurelian
and Probus. 399. His election and cha- racter, i. 408. His eastern conquests, 411. His death, 412.
Cashgar, or Kashgar, a frontier province of the Chinese empire, i. 440, note; vi. 19. War with Timour, vii. 161. Conquered by him, 166.
Casilinum, battle of, victory of Narses over Buccelin, iv. 532.
Caspian and Iberian gates of mount Cau- casus, distinguished, iv. 348.
Caspian Sea, by what fleets navigated, v 140, note. Trade carried on by means of it, vii. 110.
Cassian, duke of Mesopotamia, ii. 314. Cassians, a party among the Roman civi- liaus, v. 31.
Cassianus, his Collations and other works enumerated, iv. 117, note. His visit to the monks of Egypt, v. 205, note. Cassiodorus, his Gothic history, i. 302. His account of the infant state of Venice, iv. 29. Invented the early chronicle of the Goths, iii. 97, note; iv. 243, note. Character of his Libri Variarum, or official letters, 255. Minister of Theodoric, 265. Public services of his family in four successive generations, ib., note. His long and prosperous life, 266. His epistles afford illustrations of Theodoric's government, 272, 274. His regard for Boethius, 278, note. For Symmachus, 283, note. Minister of Ama- lasontha, 396. Correspondence with the Byzantine court, 399, note.
Cassius, Avidius, his rebellion, i. 97, note; 104.
Castile, derivation and date of the name, vi. 183, note.
Castinus, master-general of the Roman army in Spain, iii. 530.
Castriot, Jolin, prince of Albania, vii. 279. Castriot, George. See Scanderbeg. Catalans, their country and origin of their
name, v. 409; vii. 75, note. Form their
Grand Company, 76. Their services and rebellion in the Greek empire, 77, 79. Defeat Walter de Brienne and seize the duchy of Athens, 81. Assist the Vene- tians in their war against the Genoese, 113.
Catalaunian Fields. See Campania. Catapan, governor of the Greek Theme of Lombardy, vi. 297, and note.
Catechumen, Constantine not received as one till just before his death, ii. 389. The rite observed on such occasions, ib., note. Catharine, titular heiress of the empire of Constantinople, vii. 35, and note. Catharine, of Sienna, her influence over Gregory XI., vii. 421, and note. Cathay, Northern China, vii. 124, note, Catholic church, the doctrines of, how dis-
criminated from the opinions of the Pla- tonic school, ii. 401. The authority of, extended to the minds of mankind, 403. The Arian controversy, 404. The doxo- logy, how introduced, and how per- verted, 446. The revenue of, transferred to the heathen priests by Julian, 540.
Edict of Theodosius, for the estab- lishment of the Catholic faith, iii. 220. The progressive steps of idolatry in, 297.
Persecution of the Catholics in Africa, iv. 138. Pious frauds of the Catholic clergy, 145.
How bewildered by the doctrine of the Incarnation, v. 209. Temporary union of the Greek and Latin churches, 253.
Schism of the Greek church, vi. 592 Catibah, the camel-driver, his conquests, vi. 20.
Catti, or Khassi, a tribe in Germany, fathers of the Hessians, join the Franks, i. 321, and note. Their war with the Her- manduri, iii. 99, note.
Caucaland, Athanaric retires into, iii. 165. Caucasus, Caspian and Iberian gates of, ir. 348.
Cancha, or Coca, the Spanish farm to which Theodosius retired after his father's death, iii. 196.
Cava, story of, vi. 88. Probably a Moorish fiction, 88, note.
Cavalry, Roman, formed part of the legion,
Caviar, an article of commerce, vii. 110, and note.
Cazan, a Persian prince of the house of Zingis, vii. 137.
Ceaulin, grandson of Cerdic, king of Wessex, iv. 218.
Cecrops, commander of the Dalmatian guards, conspires against Gallienus, i. 352 Cedars of Libanus, their present state, v. 269, and note.
Cedar-wood used in Rome, vi. 79, note. Celestine, pope, espouses the party of Cyril against Nestorius, and pronounces the degradation of the latter v. 217.
Celtiberians, the most powerful native tribe | Chalcedon, is taken by Chosroes II. king of in Spain, i. 24.
Celtic Gaul, a Roman province, i. 25. Celtic language, driven to the mountains by the Latin, ì. 47, note. Its preservation, 48; iv. 223.
Celtic nations, the first known inhabitants
of Europe, retired westward as the Goths advanced, i. 48, note; 271, note. When hard pressed, their varions tribes joined in a common league, 272, note. Their character, iv. 206, note.
Persia, v. 186. General council of, 231, 247.
Chalcocondylas, Laonicus, accompanies the emperor John Palæologus on his visit to the Western States of Europe. His description of them, vii. 212, 216, and
Chalons, battles of, between Aurelian and Tetricus, i. 370. Between Jovinus and the Allemanni, iii. 95. Between the Ro- mans and Attila, iv. 21. See Campania. Chamavians, the, reduced and generously treated by Julian, ii. 331. Chameleon, a name given to the emperor Leo V., v. 309.
Censor, the office of, revived by the em peror Decius, i. 313. But without effect, 315. Census, or general survey of landed property, made every fifteen years in the Roman empire, origin of the Indictions, ii. 235. Ceos, or Cos, the manufacture of silk in- troduced into that island, iv. 311. Cephalonia, Robert Guiscard dies there, vii. Chapels, Pagan, or temples, 424. 339.
Ceramio, battle of, vi. 321.
Cerca, the principal queen of Attila receives Maximin the Roman ambassador, iii. 574. Cerdic, or Kerdic, the first king of Wessex, iv. 218, and note. Ceremonies, Pagan, regarded with horror by the primitive Christians, ii. 20 moted cheerful habits, iii. 291, note. Prohibited by Theodosius, 292. Intro- duced into Christian churches, 304. Re- vived idolatry in them, v. 399. Those of Mahometanism few and simple, 477. Ceremony of the court imitated from that of Persia by Diocletian, i. 456. More complicated by Constantine the Great, ii. 198. Described by Constantine Porphy- rogenitus, vi. 181. Offensive to the crusaders, 484.
Cerinthus, his doctrine, v. 205. Cerroni, a tribune of Rome, vii, 415. Ceuta, Septa, or Septem, fortified by Justi- nian, iv. 381. Held by the Goths, vi. 82, note.
Ceylon, Serendib, or Taprobane, imperfectly known by the Romans, iii. 3, note. Chaboras, Aboras, Chebar, Habor, or Kha- bour, its conflux with the Euphrates, i. 243. Miscalled by Xenophion Araxes, 447. Boundary between the Roman and Persian empires, 448. Crossed by Julian, iii. 15.
Chagun. See Avars and Khan.
Chaibar, seat of the Jewish power in Ara- bia, v. 499
Chais, M., his letters on the subject of the Jubilees, vii. 384, note.
Chalcedon, taken by the Goths, i. 331. Its situation, ii. 179. A tribunal erected there by the emperor Julian, to try the ministers of Constantius, 498.
A stately church built there by Ru- finus, minister of Theodosius, in the suburb of The Oak, iii. 311. Synod held in it, 505.
Chancellor, the original and modern appli- cation of this word compared, i. 413,
Chant, the Gregorian, v. 133.
ing in Rome, in Gratian's time, iii. 276. Characters, national, the distinction of how formed, ii. 414; iv. 206, 210. Chapters, the three, subject of dispute, v.
Chardin, Sir John, his travels, v. 517, note. Charegites, an Arabian tribe, converted by
Mahomet, v. 490. Rebel against Othman, 521. Plot the assassination of Ali, 525.
Chariots of the Romans. See Carruca. Chariot-races, how conducted by the Ro- mans and attended by the emperors, ii. 489, and note. Victories in them com- memorated by medals, iii. 540, note. Dif- ference between those of Greece and Rome, iv. 300.
Charlemagne, his management of his do- mains, iv. 193, note. Orders the code of the Angli and the Warini to be reduced to writing, 225, nole. His friendship with pope Adrian I. v. 385. Conquers the kingdom of Lombardy, 386. His re- ception at Rome, 389. Eludes fulfilling the promises of Pepin and himself to the Roman pontiff, 392 Admits the false decretals and donation of Constantine, 393. His coronation at Rome by the pope Leo III. 402. His reign and cha- racter, 403. Extent of his empire, 407. His neighbours and enemies, 409. His successors, 413. His negotiations and treaty with the Eastern empire, 416. State of his family and dominions in the tenth century, vi. 221. Obtains the mar- bles of Rome and Ravenna for his palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, v. 392; vii. 154. Charles the Fat, emperor of the West, v. 414. Is deposed, 414. Charles of Anjou subdues Naples and Sicily, vii. 70. The Sicilian Vespers, 73. His character as a senator of Rome, 366. Charles Martel, See Martel, Charles. Charles IV. emperor of Germany, his weak-
ness and poverty, v. 432. His public
the sack of Rome by his troops, and that by Alaric the Goth, iii. 447. Charles VIII. of France, takes the title of emperor of the East, vii. 377. Charondas, legislator of Rhegium and Ca- tana, v. 9, note.
Chastity, its high esteem among the an- cient Germans, i. 289. And the pri- mitive Christians, ii. 46.
Chauci, an early German tribe, i. 321. Chazars, or Chozars, a tribe from the plains of the Volga, enter into alliance with the emperor Heraclius, v. 188. The emperor Constantine Copronymus marries the daughter of their Khan, her son Leo IV. takes the name of Chazarus, 304, and note; vi. 208. Settle in Hungary, 265. Other colonists arrive, 273, note. Chemistry, knowledge of, from whom de- rived, vi. 149.
Cherson, a city and republic of the Tauric peninsula, assisted Constantine against the Goths, ii. 263. Justinian II. banished there, v. 295. His cruel persecution of the inhabitants, 298. Wolodomir mar- ried there to Anne, daughter of the em- peror Romanus III. vi. 291, and note. Chersonesus Cimbrica, the Cimbric pe- ninsula, iii. 181, and note; 410 note; iv. 215, note.
Chersonesus Taurica, Crim Tartary or Cri- mea, its early history, i. 328. Plundered by the Goths, 329. The republic of Cherson, on its Western coast, assists Constantine against the Goths, ii. 263. The original seat of Cimmerian darkness, iii. 410, note. A colony of Goths planted there by Justinian, iv. 348.
Chersonesus, Thracian, conquered by Attila, iii. 359. Fortified by Justinian, iv. 339. recently by the English and French, 340, note.
Cherusci, the German tribe to which Her- mann belonged, i. 321.
Chess, the object of the game of, and by whom invented, iv. 468. The favourite amusement of Timour; altered by him, vii. and note,
Chiauss, the Great, introduced foreign am- bassadors at the Byzantine court, vi. 201. Childebert I. attacks Auvergne, iv. 198. Childebert II., receives a subsidy from the pope to attack the Lombards, v. 115. Childeric I., banished by the Franks, iv. 70. Resides among the Thuringians, their queen elopes with him, 159. Clovis their son, ib.
Childeric II. the last descendant of Clovis, deposed by pope Zachary, v. 387. Children, the exposing of, a prevailing vice of antiquity, v. 50. Natural, according to the Roman laws, 59.
China, how distinguished in ancient his- tory, i. 440, note. Great numbers of chil- dren exposed there, ii. 62, note.
The high chronology claimed by the historians of, iii. 150. The great wall of, when erected, 153. Was twice con- quered by the northern tribes, 155. In- vaded by the Siempè, or Topa, 362.
Cultivation of the Mulberry and ma- nufacture of silk there, iv. 311. Trade in this commodity, 313-317. The art of printing early known to the Chinese, 319. Their wars with the Turks, 454.
The Nestorian missionaries intro- duce Christianity, v. 260.
The friendship of the victorious Arabs solicited, vi. 21. Paper imported from China to Samarcand, ib., note.
Is conquered by the Moguls, vii. 121, 124. Reign of Cublai, 134. Expulsion of the Moguls, 134.
Chionites, allies of Sapor, ii. 419. Chishull, his travels and visit to Coustan- tinople, vii. 329, note.
Chivalry, its origin and effects, vi. 425. Chlienes, an Armenian prince, v. 316. Chlorus. See Constantius. Chone. See Colossa.
Chnodomar, prince of the Allemanni, taken prisoner by Julian at the battle of Stras- burg, ii. 330.
Chorepiscopi, rural bishops, ü. 369, note. Chosroes, king of Armenia, assassinated by the emissaries of Sapor, i. 336. Chosroes, the white palace of, at Ctesiphon, plundered by the Saracens, vi. 13. Its rich spoils, 14.
Chosroes, son of Tiridates, king of Armenia, his character, ii. 273.
Chosroes L., or Nushirvan, king of Persia, protects the last surviving philosophers of Athens, in his treaty with the emperor Justinian, iv. 356. Review of his history, 462. Sells a peace to Justinian, 469. His invasion of Syria, 471. His negotiations with Justinian 490. His prosperity, 492. Conquers Yemen, v. 137. Battle of Meli- tene, v. 189. His death, 140. Chosroes II., or Purvis, king of Persia, is raised to the throne on the deposition of his father Hormouz, v. 147. Is re- duced to implore the assistance of the emperor Maurice, 148. His restoration and policy, 150. Regrets the death of the emperor Maurice, 169. Conquers Syria, 170. Palestine, 171. Egypt and Asia Minor, 172. His reign and magni- ficence, 173. Rejects the Mahometan religion, 175. Imposes an ignominious peace on the emperor Heraclius, 177. Defeated by Heraclius, 181, 184, 185, 189. His flight, deposition, and death, 192, 193, 194.
Chosroes, king of Eastern Armenia in the fifth century, iii. 521.
Chosroiduchta, sister of the satrap Otas,
commended by Moses of Chorene, i. 440,
Chozars. See Chazars.
Christ, when crucified, ii. 71, note; 103, nole. The festival of his birth fixed by the Romans at the winter solstice, 477, note. Image of, borne as a military ensign, v. 143, and note. By Heraclius in his first Persian expedition, 167, note; 181. His statue at Paneas, 362. His picture at Edessa, 363. His sepulchre destroyed by Chosroes II., 171. Pilgrim- ages to it, vi. 388. Recovered by the crusaders, 459. Recognized as an apostle of God in the Koran, v. 472. Christianity, its progress and establishment, ii. 1. Five causes assigned, 3. Sugges tion of a sixth, ib., note. Based on the Mosaic law, but its zeal more liberal, 8. Its first sects, 11. Assisted by the philo- sophy of the age, 17, note. Satisfied the two popular wants of the age, 27, note. Its progress assisted by the large funds of its priesthood, but its spirit corrupted, 62, and note. Promoted by the scepticism of the Pagans, 68. Resisted by the Jews after the conversion of the Gentiles, 69, note. Historical view of its extension, 70. Its slow progress in the West, 75, and note. Not confined to the Roman empire, 77. Received by all orders of men, 80. Lost its internal purity as its outward splendour increased, 81. Its public es- tablishment in the Roman empire, 338. Cautiously accelerated by Constantine, 340. Compared with the philosophical system of Plato, 392. Antioch its first centre of action, 396, note. Effects of its intestine divisions, 456. Julian's aver- sion and its causes, 507, and note. Its altered character, 513, note.
Its easy and lasting victory under the emperor Jovian, iii. 60. Adopted by the Roman senate, 279. Corrupted by Pagan cere- monies, 305. Influence of its abuses on the fall of the Roman empire, iv. 235. Preached to the Goths by Ulphilas, 131. Change produced by it in their moral and political condition, 135. Deeply rooted in Abyssinia, v. 278. Adopted by Olga great princess of Russia, vi. 290. Christians, primitive, the various sects into which they branched out, ii. 16. Ascribed the pagan idolatry to the agency of demons, 19. Believed the end of the world to be near at hand, 29. The mira- culous powers ascribed to the primitive church, 35. Their faith stronger than in modern times, 39. Their superior virtue and austerity, 40. Repentance, a virtue in high esteem among them, 41. Cen- sure of luxury, 44. Their notions of marriage and chastity, 45. They dis- claim war and government, 46. Were active however in the internal govern- ment of their own society, 49. Bishops, VOL. VII.
50. Synods, 53. Metropolitans and primates, 56. Bishop of Rome, 56. Their probable proportion to the pagan sub- jects of the empire before the conversion of Constantine the Great, 78. Inquiry into their persecutions, 86. Why more odions to the governing powers than the Jews, 91. Their religious meetings sus- pected, 96. Supposed secret rites, 96. Are persecuted by Nero, as the incen- diaries of Rome, 102. Instructions of the emperor Trajan to Pliny the Younger for the regulation of his conduct towards them, 113. Remained exposed to popu- lar resentment at public festivities, 114. Legal mode of proceeding against them. 116. The ardour with which they courted martyrdom, 127. When allowed to erect places for public worship, 136. Their persecution under Diocletian and his colleagues, 149. An edict of toleration for them published by Galerius just be- fore his death, 164. Some considerations necessary to be attended to in reading the sufferings of the martyrs, 167. Edict of Milan published by Constantine the Great, 342. Political recommendations of the Christian morality to Constantine, 344 Theory and practice of passive obedience, 345. Their loyalty and zeal, 348. The sacrament of baptism, how administered in early times, 362. Ex- traordinary propagation of Christianity after it obtained the imperial sanction, 364. Becomes the established religion, of the Roman empire, 367. Spiritual and temporal powers distinguished, 367. Review of the episcopal order in the church, 369. The ecclesiastical revenue of each diocese, how divided, 377. Their legislative assemblies, 384. Edict of Con- stantine the Great against heretics, 386. Mysterious doctrine of the Trinity, 395. The doctrines of the Catholic church, how discriminated from the opinions of the Platonic school, 401. General cha- racter of the Christian sects, 456. Chris- tian schools prohibited by the emperor Julian, 541. The Christians are removed from all offices of trust, 543. Are obliged to reinstate the pagan temples, 514. Their imprudent and irregular zeal against idolatry, 557. Christians, distinction of, into vulgar and ascetic, iv. 106. Conversion of the bar- barous nations, 130. Christopher, son of Romanus Lecapenus, v.
Chrysanthius, Neo Platonist, ii. 506, notes.
Retuses Julian's invitation, 527. Chrysaphins, the eunuch, engages Edecon to assassinate Attila, iii. 578. Is put to death by the empress Pulcheria, 581. Was present at the second council of Ephesus, v. 228.
Chrysocheir, general of the revolted Pauft 2 K
cians, overruns and pillages Asia Minor, vi. 244. His death, 945. Chrysoloras, Mannel, the Greek envoy, his character, vii. 249. His comparison of Rome and Constantinople, 260. Chrysopolis, battle of, between Constantine the Great and Licinius, i. 520. Now Scutari, ii. 179.
Chrysostom, St., his computation of the number of Christians in Antioch, ii, 72. His objections to death-bed baptism, 362, note. His eloquence, 384. His account of the luxury of the emperor Arcadius, iii. 482. Protects his fugitive patron Eutropius, 495. His promotion to the archiepiscopal see of Constantinople, 500. His character and administration, 501. His persecution and exile, 505. His death, 508. His relics removed to Con- stantinople, 508. His encomium on the monastic life, iv. 114, note. Churches, Christian, first erected, ii. 136. Demolition of, under Diocletian, 156. Splendour of, under Constantine the Great, 376. Seven, of Asia, fate of, vii. 141. Cibalis, battle of, between Constantine the Great and Licinius, i. 509.
Cicero, our best guide as to the opinions of the ancient philosophers, i. 38, note. The legacies which he received, 211. His view of the philosophical opinions as to the immortality of the soul, ii. 23. Did not understand Plato's Timæus, 401. note, His encomium on the Twelve Tables, v. 10. His discourse on the ballot, 13, note. His ridicule of legacy-hunters mis- understood by Cujacius, 22, note. His friendship for Servius Sulpicius, 26. Sys- tem of his Republic, 27. His character of, and correspondence with, Trebatius, 28, and note. His definition of gentiles, vi. 24, note.
Cilicia, a Roman province bordering on Syria, i. 29. Conquered by Sapor, 339. Heraclius encamps there on his first ex- pedition, v. 160. Reduced by the Sara- cens, vi. 53. Recovered by the Greek emperors, 177. Occupied by Tancred and a detachment of the crusaders, 444. The emperor Frederic Barbarossa drowned there, 482.
Cilician gates, the narrow pass between that province and Syria, v. 180, note. Cimitar. See Scimitar.
Cimmerian darkness, the expression of, whence derived, iii. 409, note. Circassians, supply a large part of the Mamalukes, vi, 519, and notes. The Cos- sacks descend from them, vii. 129, note. Their dynasty prevails among the Mama- lukes, 173.
Circesium, the Carchemish of Scripture.
Its situation, i. 243, note. Fortified by Diocletian, 448. Almost insulated, iii. 15, and note. An important frontier station, iv. 343.
Circumcellions of Africa, Donatist schis- matics, history of their revolt, ii. 453. Their religious suicides, 456. Persecu- tion of, by the emperor Honorius, iii 533. Assist the Vandals, 534.
Circumcision of both sexes, a physical cus- tom in Ethiopia, unconnected with re- ligion, v. 282. Practised by the Arabian pagans, 459.
Circus, Roman, the four factions in, de- scribed, iv. 301. Constantinople, and the Eastern empire, distracted by similar factions, 302.
Circus Agonalis, its carnival sports, viii. 462.
Citeaux, the monastery in which Bernard first buried himself, vi. 483.
Cities in the Roman empire enumerated, i. 64. Connected by public highways, 67. Ceremonies observed by the Romans in founding new ones, ii 135. Many in Gaul destroyed by Attila, iv. 15, and note. Those of the empire decorated by Jus- tinian, 335. Free cities of Italy, their rise and government, v. 426. Free and imperial cities of Germany, 431. Cities of Arabia, 441.
Citizens of Rome, motive of Caracalla for extending the privileges of, to all the free inhabitants of the empire i. 212. Political tendency of this grant, 212. Citizenship, Roman, Gibbon's views of, neither complete nor precise, i. 46, note by Wenck.
Citron-wood, an expensive fashion in Rome, vi. 78. Cedar-wood according to some MSS., ib., note.
Civilians of Rome, origin of the profession, and the three periods in the history of, v. 24.
Civilis, the Batavian, his successful revolt against the Romans, i. 295. Clairvaux, a monastic colony from Citeaux, brought by Bernard, vi. 484.
Clari, title given by Constantine to his senators of the second order, ii. 195, note. Clarissimi, the senators of Old Rome, so styled, ii. 195, note. Or honourable, title given by Constantine to his magi-trates of the third class, 199. Its members, 210. Classics of Greece and Rome, their value
superstition alarmed by their lessons of civil and religious freedom, vi. 151. Claudia, Livy's ambiguous account of her miracle, ii. 510, note.
Claudian the poet, aud panegyrist of Stili- cho, his poem on the Gildonic war, ii. 194, note. His works supply the defi- ciencies of history, iii. 317. Celebrates the murder of Rufinus, 323. His epi- gram on the old man of Verona, 348. His description of the banks of the Rhine, 374, and note. His death and character, 389. His statue; doubtful authenticity of its inscription, 390, note. His charac ter of the eunuch Eutropius, 485.
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