Ptolemais, See Acre. Ptolemies, their colony of Jews at Cyrene, i. 82, note; 53, note. Their patronage of learning, and translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek, ii 3, note. Their colony of Jews at Alexandria, 393. In- troduce the worship of Serapis, and found a library in his temple, iii. 286, and note. Their intercourse with Rome, v. 9, note.
Ptolemy, a Roman senator, leads the peo- ple against Otho III., v. 424. Pudentius, an African, abandons Gelimer, iv. 362.
Pugione, Prefect à, Cleander's office, i. 121,
Pulcheria, sister of Theodosins the Younger, her character and administration, iii. 512. Her lessons to her brother, 514. Her contests with the empress Eudocia, 518. Is proclaimed empress of the East, on the death of Theodosins, and marries Marcian, 581. Her death and canoniza- tion, iv. 73. Her support of Cyril against Nestorius, v. 222, 225, note.
Pule Rudbar, or Hyrcanian rock, supposed by some to be the Caspian gates, v. 145,
Fullani, descendants of the crusaders in Palestine, vi. 463, note. Punishments, under the Roman law, v. 77. Capital, for nine crimes, 78. Abolished, 81. Revived, 83. Rigorously inflicted by the Christian emperors, 87. Penalty of death abolished by John Comnenus, v. 342.
Punjanb, rivers of the, i. 35, note; vii. 169, and note.
Pupienus, or Papienus. See Maximus. Purim, the Jewish festival, ii. 90, note. Purple, Homer's description of death by that colour, applied by Julian to his own situation and fears, ii. 306, and note. The royal, or imperial, colour of the ancients, iv. 311. Porphyry, the same word in Greek, lined the apartment in which the princes were born at Constan- tinople, v. 322. Purple chamber of the emperor Theophilus, vi. 197. Purpurius, his vehemence against Cæcilian, ii. 384, note.
Pyrrhic, or martial, dance of the Romans, i. 13.
Pyrrhus, spread the fame of Roman valour in Greece, v. 9, note.
Pythagoras, state of Magna Græcia in his age, vi. 298.
Putheas, his navigation, i. 306, note. Pythian games, restored by Julian, at Delphi, ii. 499.
Quadi, their invasion repelled by M. An- toninus, i. 297. Their inroads punished by Constantius, ii. 310. Revenge the
murder of Gabinius, iii. 151. Implore the clemency of Valentinian, 133. Quadratus, delivered the first copies of the Questor, history of this office, i 224. Gospels to the Churches, ii. 18, note. Quartodecimans. See Andians.
Querini, Nicholas, obtains the holy crown Question, criminal, how exercised under of thorns, vii. 29. Quindecemvirs, keepers of the Sibylline the Roman emperors, ii. 230. Quintianus, bishop of Rodez, iv. 174. books, iii. 273. Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Condia- nus, their history, i. 116.
Quintilius, brother of the emperor Claudius, his ineffectual effort to succeed him, 1. 359. Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the Quirites, the effect of that word when given age in which he wrote, i. 240, note, to soldiers, i. 198, note.
Racca, Harun al Rashid's favourite palace at Nicephorium, vi. 153. Togrul Beg's visit and inauguration, 369. Raingaisus, or Radagast, invades Italy, iii. 364. Besieges Florence, 368. Radagast, a deity of the Obotrites, iii. 364, feated and beheaded, 370. Is de-
Radiger, a supposed king of the Varni, compelled to marry a fabulous princess of the Angles, iv. 230.
Rage, or Rei, its history and remains, v. 143, note. One of Togrul Beg's resi- dences, vi. 368.
Rahdi, caliph of Bagdad, vi. 173. Rainulf, the first leader of the Normans in Italy, vi. 304, note; 305. Ramadan, the month observed as a fast by the Mahometans, v. 479.
Ramusio (or Rhamnusus) Paolo, his history of the Latin war against Constantinople, vi. 573, note.
Rando, a chieftain of the Allemanni, attacks Moguntiacum, iii. 96.
Rasaphe, a Syrian town, receives the name of Sergiopolis, v. 152, note. Rationals, or Procurators, supplied the place of Quæstors, in the imperial pro- vinces, ii. 225, note.
Rationarium Imperii, i. 202, note. Ravenna, a station for the Roman fleets, i. 23. Besieged by Maximian, 480. Its early history, iii. 359. Construction of its harbour and fortifications by Augustus, 360. Made by Honorius the seat of the Western empire, 361. Paul, brother of Orestes, defeated and slain there, iv. 96. Odoacer takes refuge there, 252. Be- sieged by Theodoric, 253. He makes it his residence, and cultivates an orchard there, 269. The Goths retire within its walls, 422. Surrendered to Belisarius
430. Its Exarchate established by Nar-, ses, 534. Its districts, v. 116. Attacked by a fleet of the Eastern empire, 378. Taken by the Lombards; from them by the Venetians; and again by the Lombards, 383. Given by Pepin to the popes, 391. Raymond of Toulouse, the crusader, his character, vi. 422. His route to Constan- tinople, 428. His hold behaviour there, 434. His conduct at Antioch, 451. At Jerusalem, 459. His death, 460, note. Raymond, count of Tripoli, accused of treachery, vi. 496. His conduct at Tibe- rias, 497, and note.
Raynal, Abbé. his mistakes, ii. 365, note. Razis, an eminent physician of Arabia, vi. 149.
Rebels, the most inveterate, are a persecuted sect, vi. 242.
Recared, the first Catholic king of Spain, converts his Gothic subjects, iv. 151. Rechiarius, king of the Suevi, in Spain, iv. 55.
Red Sea, decay of its trade, iv. 316. Threat
of the Copts to turn the waters of the Nile into it, v. 276, note. Origin of its name; first given to the Persian Gulf, 436, note. Canal to unite it with the Nile, vi. 68, note.
Reformation. See Protestants.
Reges, meaning of the word, iv. 252, note. Regilianus (Regillianus, or Regalianus), one of the Thirty Tyrants, in Illyricum, i. 343. Had Roxolani in his service, 347, note. Praised by Claudius II., 357. Regilla, wife of Herodes Atticus, i. 61. Reginald of Chatillon, his adventures and fate, vi. 496, and notes. Rei. See Rage.
Reigning, the art of, declared by Diocletian
to be the most difficult of all, i. 463. Rein-deer, driven northward by the improve- ment of climate, i. 274.
Reiske, his account of the Varangians and their commander, vi. 278, note. Relics, the worship of, introduced by the monks, iii. 297. A valuable cargo of, imported from Constantinople by Louis IX. of France, vii. 30.
Remigius, bishop of Rheims, converts Clovis, iv. 165.
Remigius, master of the offices, his corrup- tion, iii. 114. Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus, his cha- racter of Etius, iv. 3.
Rennell, Major, value of his maps and memoirs, iv. 315, note. His error re- specting Palibothra, vi. 360, note. His Ri- vers of the Punjaub, i. 35; vii. 169, notes. Repentance, its operation among the primi- tive Christians, ii. 40.
Republic, Roman, its name preserved under the empire, i. 81. 1ts forms concealed absolute monarchy, 90. Its name con- fined to the Latin provinces after the division of the empire, iii. 483.
Res mancipi and nec mancipi. See Man- cipium and Property.
Restom, or Rostom, a hero of Persian ro- mance, iv. 467, note. See Rustan. Resurrection from the dead, asserted to be not uncommon in the second century, ii. 37. Of the body, disbelieved by Syne- sius, 381, note. The doctrine enter- tained by the Egyptians, and adopted by Mahomet, v. 481.
Retiarius, a combatant in the Roman am- phitheatre, i. 125.
Retz, Cardinal de, his description of a conclave, vii. 376, notes.
Revenue of the Roman empire, i. 202. Its
collection, ii. 234. Of the Eastern empire, iv. 320. Of the church, its distribution, ii. 61. Its increase, 375. Its rapacious acquisition and misapplication, iii. 89. Of the monasteries, iv. 123. Of the caliphs, vi. 139.
Rhateum, its situation, ii. 182.
Rhatia described, i. 27. Its frontiers sc- cured by Probus, 398.
Rhazates, the Persian general, defeated and killed by Heraclius, v. 190. Rhegina Columna, the extreme southern point of Italy, v. 116, note.
Rhethra, an ancient temple of the Obotrites, iii. 364, note.
Rhetoric, the study of, congenial to a popu lar state, iv. 351.
Rhine, the Gallic frontier of the empire, i. 25. Often frozen, 274. An imperfect barrier against the Franks, 323. Secured by Probus, 399. Its fortresses are esta-' blished by Diocletian, 432. Three times crossed by Julian, ii. 332. New forts constructed by him on its banks, 334. Twice more crossed by him, 472. Forti- fied by Valentinian, iii. 97. Protected by the Franks, 372. Cultivation of its banks, 373. The barrier finally broken through, 374. Settlement of the Franks in its lower districts, iv. 9. Rhodes visited by an earthquake, iv. 548, note. Taken by Chosroes 11., v. 172. Its history and Colossus, vi. 54. Taken by the Hospitallers, and besieged by Oth- man, vii. 142, and note. See Hospitallers. Rhyme, its Eastern origin, vi. 319. Rhyndacus, a river of Asia Minor, i. 332. Rialto (Rivus Altus), the Venetian island, iv. 29, note; vi. 538. Richard I. of England, redeems the relics taken by Saladin at Jerusalem, vi. 500. Engages in the third crusade, 501. rives at Acre, 503. Institutes the Order of the Garter, 507, note. His captivity, 608. The isle of Cyprus given by him to Lusignan, 532. He refuses to under- take another crusade, 536.
Richard of Cirencester, his literary charac- ter, iii. 477, note. Richomer, his service against the Goths, iii. 177, 187.
Ricimer, count, deposes Avitus, iv. 57, Raises Majorian to the throne, 59. Pro- motes a sedition against him, 68. Orders the senate to elect Libius Severus, and reigns in his name, 69 Requests Leo to appoint an emperor of the West, 73. Acknowledges Anthemius, and marries his daughter, 76. Quarrels with him, 89 Supports Olybrius, 90. Sacks Rome, kills Anthemins, and dies, 92. Rienzi, Nicholas Gabrini, his origin, vii. 396. Education and early life, 397. Tribune of Rome, 400. His government, 402. Respected in Italy, 404. Celebrated by Petrarch, 405. His follies and vices, 406. His coronation 409. Defeats the nobles, 412. Is expelled from Rome, 414. A prisoner at Avignon, 416. Re- turns to Rome as Senator, 417. Is as- sassinated, 418.
Rimini. See Councils. A treaty negotiated
there with Alaric, iii. 432. Deposition of Attalus, 437. Taken from the Goths, besieged by them, and defended by John the Sanguinary, iv. 422.
Rinaldo, of Tasso, a fabulous hero, vi, 423, note.
Riothamus, a chieftain of the Armorican
Bretons, mistaken for a British prince, iv. 219, note.
Ripaille, the hermitage of Amadeus VIII. or Felix V., vii. 240, and note. Ripuarians, Franks, who lived on the banks
of the Rhine, join the army of Attila, iv. 18, and note. Their code of laws, not different in substance from the Salic, 183, and notes.
Roads, Roman, their construction and ex- tent, i. 67.
Robert. See Guiscard.
Robert of Courtenay, emperor of Constanti-
nople, vii. 23. His weakness and death, 24. Robert of Paris, his behaviour at the court of Constantinople, vi. 435.
Robert, count of Flanders, his character
and engagement in the first crusade, vi. 421. Obliged to beg a dinner, 419. He returns to the West, 460. Robert, duke of Normandy, his character
and engagement in the first crusade, vi. 421. Withdraws and is recalled by the censures of the Church, 449. His return to Normandy, 460. Makes his chaplain, Arnulf, first patriarch of Jerusalem, 461,
Robert, king of Naples, obtains ornaments for his city from the ruins of Rome, vii. 454.
Roderic, supplants the sons of Witiza, and is elected king of the Goths in Spain, vi. 88. His struggle against the Saracens, 91. Defeat at Xeres and death, 93. Roderic, archbishop of Toledo, father of Spanish history, vi. 88, note. Roderigo de Lima, Portuguese envoy to Abyssinia, v. 279, note.
Rodosto, Villehardouin's retreat after Bald- win's defeat and captivity, vii. 16, and note. Residence of John Palæologus, 156. Rodugune, her character, in Rowe's Roval Convert, perhaps suggested by the im probable adventure of an Anglian princess in Procopius, iv. 231, note. Rogatians, a Donatist seet, ii. 391. Roger, count of Sicily, his exploits, and conquest of that island, vi. 320.
Roger, son of the former, the first king of Sicily, vi. 341. His military achievements in Africa and Greece, 344. Roger de Flor. See Flor. Roger de Loria. See Loria. Roman Empire, the series of its revolutions divided into three periods, Author's Pre- face, xxxii. Its prosperous condition to the death of Marcus Antoninus, i. 1. Its military establishment, 10. Its navy, 22. Its provinces, 24. Its extent, 34. Its principles of government, 35. Its population, 56. Its cities, 64. Its RTI- culture, 69. Trade, 72. General felicity, 74. Degeneracy, 77. Sce Emperors, Em- pire, East and West.
Roman People, their dread of the sea, i. 22, and note. Held Barbarian languages in contempt, 47, note. Hated the title of king, and were deceived by an image of civil liberty, 95. Their love of spectacles and pomp, 414. Their indomitable spirit, iii. 397, and note. Number of their citizens at the time of the second Punic war, 398, and note. Their frequent and ca- pricious tumults, 416. Their idleness. 417. Their first intercourse with the Greeks, v. 9, and note. Their proneness to bloodshed, 83, and note. Their cha- racter in the twelfth century, drawn by Bernard, vii. 351. Their ignorance and credulity, 465.
Romania, name given to the remnant of the Roman empire, vi. 479, note; vii. 5, note, 8, 147, 193.
Romanus I., Lecapenus, emperor of the East, v. 323. Marriage of his grand- daughter, Maria, to Peter, prince of the Bulgarians, vi. 208. His defeat and in- terview with their king, Simeon, at which this alliance is contracted, 261. Romanus II., son of Constantine Porphy- rogenitus; his short reign, v. 325. Mar- ries Bertha, daughter of Hugo, king of Italy, vi. 208. His second wife Thico- phano, 210. Their daughter, Theophan", wedded to Otho II. of Germany, and Anne to Wolodomir of Russia, ib. Romanus III. Argyrus, poisoned by Zoe, r. 331.
Romanus IV. Diogenes, is defeated and
taken prisoner by Alp Arslan, vi. 376. His treatment, deliverance, and death, 377. Romanus, count of the domestics, com-
mands the expedition sent by Anastasius against Italy, iv. 262, note. Romanus, count, governor of Africa, his corrupt administration, iii. 113. See Mellobaudes.
Romanus, governor of Bosra, betrays it to the Saracens, vi. 25.
Rome, era of its foundation, according to Varro, i. 246, note. Suffers from famine and pestilence, 350. Fortified by Aure- lian, 368. Its state in the fourth century, A.U.C., ib., note. Ceases to be the resi- dence of the emperors, 451. Maxentius makes it the seat of his short empire, 479. Visit of Constantine, 500. Called Babylon by the early Christians, ii. 32. Its church, 74. Fire in the reign of Nero, 101. Its first prefect and local government, 207. Celebration of Con- stantine's vicennalia, 252. Visit of Con- stantius, 308. Contentions for its bishop- ric, 447. Its pagan hierarchy, iii. 273. Conversion of its Senate and people to Christianity, 280. Visit of Honorius, 356. Character and manners of its inha- bitants in his time, 412. Extent and population, 421. Besieged by Alaric, 424. Second siege, 433. Third siege and capture, 438. This catastrophe com- pared with the previous destruction of the city by the Gauls, and its subsequent spoliation by the army of Charles V., 446. Evacuated by the Goths, 449. Vestiges of their invasion obliterated, 458. Plùn- dered by the Vandals under Genseric, iv. 47. By Ricimer, 92. Introduction of the monastic system, 111. Visit of Theo- doric, and preservation of its ancient monuments, 267. Taken by Belisarius, 407. Defended by him against the Goths, 411. Taken by the Goths, 511. Reco- vered by Belisarius, 512. Again taken by the Goths, 518. Taken by Narses, 527. Prices of cattle there, v. 12, note. Arrangements in its forum for taking the votes of the citizens, 13, note. The close of the sixth century, the period of its lowest depression, 127. Resort of pilgrims to the shrines of Peter and Paul, 130. Government of pope Gregory I., 134. Its supremacy restored by the popes, 372. Attacked by the Lombards, 382. Delivered by Pepin, 384. Its Pa- tricians, 388. Final separation from the Greek empire, 400. Visit and coronation of Charlemagne, 402. Local jurisdiction of the German emperors, 422. Invasion of the Saracens, vi. 158. Foundation of the Leonine city, 162. Besieged by the emperor Henry III., 335. Visit of John Palæologus I, vii. 211. Library of the Vatican enriched by Nicholas V., 256. Its merits in comparison with Constan- tinople, 260. Review of its previous changes, and its condition in the begin- ning of the twelfth century, 341, Autho-
rity and revenue of the popes, 345. Re- sort of pilgrims and suppliants, 346. Seditions against the popes, 348. Re- forms of Arnold of Brescia, 355. The Senate restored, 358. Office of Senator, 364. Held by Brancaleone, 365. By Charles of Anjou, 366. By pope Martin V., ib. Embassies to the German em- perors, 367. Wars against the neigh- bouring cities, 372. Absence of the popes, 378. The holy see removed to Avignon, 380. Resort of pilgrims during the Jubilee, 382. Feuds of the barons, 390. Laureate-coronation of Petrarch, 394. Tribuneship of Rienzi, 400. Return of the popes, 421. Last revolt, 430. Statutes and government, 432. Absolute dominion of the popes, 436. Reforms of Sixtus V., 440. Description of its anti- quities by Poggius, 442. Causes of their gradual decay, 445. Games, 462. Popu lation, 457, 469, notes, Restoration and ornaments, 468.
Romilda, a Lombard princess, betrays Friuli to the Avars, v. 176.
Romulus, his computed era, i. 246. Interval between his death and Numa's acces-
sion, 388. Prophecy or oracle said to have been delivered to him respecting the Latin language, vi. 226, note. Romulus. Fee Augustulus. Roncesvalles, pass in the Pyrenees; battles there, v. 405, and note.
Rosamond, daughter of Cunimund king of the Gepida, her marriage with Alboin, v. 100. Conspires his murder, 106. Her flight and death, 107.
Rotharis, Lombard king, his laws, v. 121,
note. His marriage to Theudelinda, 124. His death, 125. His laws, 126, and note.
Rouda, an island of the Nile, vi. 57. Roum (or of the Romans), Seljukian king-
dom, vi. 383. Its extent, 386. Attacked by the crusaders, 439. Cogni or Iconium made its capital, 474. Conquered by the Moguls, vii. 128. By Bajazet, 150, Roumelia, present Turkish province, the countries comprehended in it, i. 28. Rousillon, its population and revenues, v. 409, note.
Rousseau, his charge of cruelty against consumers of animal food, iii. 141, note.
His parallel between Christ and Socrates, v. 206, nole.
Rozolani, an ancient tribe in the army of Regillianus, i. 347, note. Deserted Her manric, iii. 163. Rudbar. See Pule. Rudbeck, Olnus, his suspicious testimony to the fecundity of the women in Sweden, i. 275, note. His account of the country, 277. Rufinus, minister of Theodosius, inflames his anger against Thessalonica, iii. 255; 309. His tyranny under Arcadius, 310.
Builds a church at Chalcedon, 311, 505., Oppresses the East, 314. Conspiracy against him, 315. Dreads the arrival of Stilicho, 317. Is put to death by Gainas, 322. His treachery, 336. Rufinus, a presbyter of Aquileia, persecuted by Jerome, iii. 345, and note. Ruga, Sp. Carvilius, his divorce, v. 54, note. Rugians, a tribe among the confederate bands of Italy, iv. 95. Their territory in Noricum, beyond the Danube, conquered by Odoacer, 104. Said to have followed the Saxons into Britain, 215.
Rugilas, or Roas, leader of the Huns, and friend of Etius, iii. 549. On his death leaves the command to his nephews, At- tila and Bleda, 550.
Runic characters, the opinion of Celsius respecting them, i. 278, note. Rupibus, de, or des Roches. See Peter. Ruric, or Röric, founder of the Russian empire, his early history, vi. 274, and note.
Rusium. See Battles.
Russia, probable derivation of its name from the Roxolani, iii. 163, note. Arrival of Ruric, and establishment of his dy- nasty, vi. 276. Its geography, 278. Its trade, 280. Its naval expeditions against Constantinople, 282. Its conversion to Christianity, 289. Completed by Wolo- domir, 291. Sends money for the repairs of St. Sophia, at Constantinople, vii. 103, note. Discord of its princes, and con- quest by the Golden Horde, 129, and note. Ravaged by Timour, 167. Is represented by its primate at the council of Ferrara, 230. Refuses to concur in the union of the Churches, 265.
Rustam, the Persian general, commands against the Arabs, vi. 11. Is slain at Cadesia, 12.
Rustan, a Persian nobleman, his sense of the danger to be apprehended from des- potic power, i. 107.
Rustan, prince of Segestan, his fabulous exploits, probably founded on real history, i. 261, note.
Rusticiana, daughter of Symmachus, and wife of Boethius, saved when her hus- band was put to death, iv. 283. Rescued by Totila at the taking of Rome, 512. Rusticus, Comes scholariorum, serves with Romanus in the expedition against Italy, iv. 262, note.
Rutilius Numatianus, Claudius, date of his Itinerary, iii. 458, note. See Capraria.
Sabaans, or Homerites, visited by missio- naries from Constantius, ii. 366. Meriaba an important city in their country, v. 442, note.
Sabaria, one of the towns where Severus is
said to have been proclaimed, i. 145, note.
Sabinian obtains the command of the East- ern provinces from Constantius, 11. 821. Sabinian, general of the East, is defeated by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, king of Italy, iv. 261.
Sabinians, the Roman law-sect, v. 30. Sabinus, Flavius, elder brother of Vespa- sian, i. 111, and note.
Sabinus, Flavius, the son, put to death by his cousin Domitian, i. 111.
Sabinus, prætorian prefect, announces Max- imin's order to cease the persecution of the Christians, ii. 165.
Sabrata, a city of the African Tripolis, iii. 113.
Sacca, or Sacæ, a tribe of central Asia, auxiliaries of Hormuz, i. 441, wote. Sup- posed by some to have been progenitors of the Saxons, iii. 101, note. Sacrifices, pagan, profitable to the minis- tering orders, i. 39, note; ii. 102, mote. King of the, iii. 274. Prohibited by Theodosius, 281. Were preludes to social repasts and festive meetings, 291, mote. Said to have been privately celebrated in modern times, vii. 258, note.
Sacrifices, human, alleged to have been perpetrated by the Druids, i. 40. By the Suevi, 324. By the Huns, iii. 552, and note. Supposed to have been the most precious oblation to deprecate public ca- lamity, v. 458. Practised by the Arabians, ib. Christian captives offered by Maho metans, instead of a sacrifice of sheep or lambs, vi. 498, note.
Sadder, a corruption of the Zendavesta, i. 256, notes; 258, note. Sanctioned only the lightest kind of learning, iv. 466,
Sadducees, the Jewish sect, their opinions, ii. 28.
Sade, Abbé de, his Memoirs of Petrarch, vii. 391, note.
Saffah. See Abbassides.
Sagredo, his Venetian History of the Otto- mans, vii. 340, note.
Said, lieutenant of Omar, in the Persian war, vi. 13.
Sain, slain for conducting the embassy of Heraclius to the presence of Chosroes, v. 177.
Saints, the value of their relics, iii. soo.
The worship of them introduces a popu lar mythology, which restores polytheism 304.
Saladin: the Jew Maimonides, and men at all religions received at his court, ii. 4
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