1617] EXPLORATIONS OF ALLOUEZ. 127 liant conquests towards the close of the seventeenth century, they claimed the whole country from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Ohio. Their victorious career was for a time stopped by the Miamis and Illinois, who with savage ferocity drank from the skulls of their slaughtered chiefs, and ate the still quivering hearts of their tortured warriors. But at last these also were vanquished. Such was the success of the Iroquois that even to remote tribes their very name became a terror. 192. We have described the efforts of Eliot to convert the Indians of Massachusetts. Some time before, Jesuit missionaries had taken the field among the northern and western tribes. The Mohawks had been visited in 1617, a mission had been established among the Hurons, a college and convent had been founded at Quebec, and the standards of the Roman Catholic Church and of France had been set up at various points from Maine to Lake Huron. 193. Passing over several who perished in the wilderness from accident and hardship, and others who suffered martyrdom in the war between the Hurons and Iroquois, we come to Allouez [al-loo-ā']. In 1665, he explored the country about Lake Superior, and discovered the Pictured Rocks on the southern shore, where the sand-stone, 300 feet high, is worn into forms resembling the hoary walls and broken columns of an ancient ruin. Here he taught the Chippeways and Sioux, and was told by the latter of the Mississippi, or "great river”. 194. Marquette [mar-ket'], a devoted Jesuit missionary, next took the field. After establishing the important station of Mack'-i-naw, in northern Michigan [see Map, p. 158], he started with Joliet [zhole-ya'], in 1673, to discover the Mississippi. Two bark canoes bore their dried meat and corn. original seat of the Five Nations? How far did they extend their conquests? What enemies stopped their victorious career for a time? 192. Among what Indians did Eliot labor? Who had taken the field before him? What was done by these early Jesuit missionaries? 193. Who is the first specially mentioned? Give an account of his discoveries. What did he learn from the Sioux? 194. Who next took the field? What station did he establish? [See Map, p. 158.-Between what two lakes is Mackinaw situated?] Whom did he take as a companion? What advice did they receive The Indians they met advised them to give up the journey, declaring that they would have to encounter not only hos tile nations and intense heats, but monsters and demons that would certainly destroy them. The zealous Frenchmen, however, were not discouraged. Passing through Green Bay, they found a village where Allouez had been before. The cross he had erected was loaded with bows and arrows, skins and belts, hung there as offerings to the Great Spirit. They soon struck the Wisconsin, and finally, to their inexpressible joy, reached the Mississippi. Descending the river, they held intercourse from time to time with the Indians on its banks, whom they found gentle and friendly, though brave, and already supplied with arms from the European settlements. After reaching the mouth of the Arkansas, feasted by the natives at different points with hominy and dog-flesh, they retraced their course in safety to Green Bay. The zealous Marquette soon after undertook another expedition, to the Indians of Illinois, whose hearts were won by his gentleness and love. While sailing along the eastern coast of Lake Michigan, on his return, he went ashore to perform a religious ceremony. His men waited long for his reappearance; and, on going to seek him, found that he had died during his prayers. They buried him near the mouth of a stream called from him the Marquette. Years after, when the Indian was tossed on the boisterous surface of the lake, he would seek to calm the tempest and still the waves by calling on the name of the pious missionary. 195. La Salle [lah sal] next engaged in explorations in the west, under a commission from Louis XIV., of France. Though possessed of limited means, La Salle was a man of wonderful courage, endurance, and enterprise. With the Jesuit Hen'-ne-pin, who wrote an account of his discoveries, he started from Fort Fron'-te-nac [see Map, p. 158], in the from the Indians? What did they find shortly after .eaving Green Bay? What river did they finally reach? How far did they descend it? What kind of tribes did they find on its banks? What other expedition did Marquette undertake? Give an account of his death. Years after, what were the Indians in the habit of doing? 195. Who next explored the western country? By whom was he commissioned? What was his character? Whom did he take as a companion? [See Map, p. 158.-Where is Fort 1678] LA SALLE'S EXPEDITION. 129 first sail boat that ever crossed Lake Ontario. After losing his vessel, performing a long journey partly overland and partly with canoes, building forts and trading-houses, and meeting with a variety of romantic adventures, La Salle finally returned to Canada. A portion of his company, among whom was Hennepin, reached the Mississippi, and gave the name of St. Anthony to the falls in the upper part of that river. In 1681, he again started, and this time reached the Mississippi himself. After sailing down it to the Gulf of Mexico (1682) and taking possession of the country for his king, in whose honor he named it Louisiana, he returned, and crossed the ocean to France for further means. He was there intrusted with the command of an expedition fitted out for the purpose of colonizing Louisiana. Attempting to reach the scene of his former discoveries from the south, he was unable to find the great river he had descended. In the effort his store-ship was wrecked, and there was no alternative but to seek the desired spot by land. At one time we read of him in Texas, at another in northern Mexico. His men sunk under their hardships, and La Salle himself became soured and discouraged. "The hidden river" was nowhere to be found, and at last he resolved to traverse the continent in search of it as far as Canada, and if still unsuccessful to return to France for a new outfit. He had reached a branch of the Trinity River, in Texas, when he was murdered by some of his men, whom repeated disappointments incited to the crime. But few of La Salle's company survived the hardships of this journey to Canada. They had left a colony on the Colorado [col-o-rah'-do]; but it was soon destroyed by the Spaniards, who based on this conquest a claim to Texas. Frontenac ? What place now occupies its site?] Give an account of La Salle's first expedition. What did some of his companions succeed in doing? What falls did they name? In 1682, what did La Salle do? In whose honor did he name the country? On his return to France, with what was he intrusted? How did he attempt to reach Louisiana? Recount his efforts. What resolve did he at last form? What prevented him from carrying it out? What became of most of his companions? Where did they leave a colony? What was its fate? CHAPTER XIX. NEW YORK, TO 1689.-FRENCH AND IROQUOIS WAR. 196. NICHOLS, who took New York from the Dutch in 1664, acted as governor for three years. Contenting himself with extorting large sums of money from the land-owners, he neither attempted reforms, nor granted the people any greater liberty than they had before enjoyed. In 1667, Nichols was succeeded by Lovelace. War soon after broke out between England and Holland. An attack was expected by the authorities of New York, and the city was put in a state of defence. The Dutch made their appearance in the harbor, as had been anticipated; but, instead of attempting an assault, they bribed the officer in command of the fort, and thus quietly obtained possession of the city and the whole province. 197. By a treaty made in 1674, New York was restored to the English, and Sir Edmund An'-dros became its governor under a new patent granted to James, Duke of York. One of his first acts was to punish the traitor who had admitted the Dutch into the city, by having his sword broken over his head in front of the City Hall. The new governor tried to extend his authority over Connecticut and New Jersey, but was firmly resisted and failed in both attempts. The people of New York, also, complained loudly of his encroachments on their rights and demanded a voice in their own government. The Duke of York, whose instructions had been faithfully followed by Andros, at a loss what course to pursue, applied to William Penn for counsel. This friend of popular liberty advised him to abandon his arbitrary meas ures; and without delay Andros was recalled, and Thomas 196. Who took New York from the Dutch? How long did he act as governor ? What is said of his course? By whom was he suoceeded? What happened during the war between England and Holland which soon after broke out? 197. What took place in 1674? Who became governor of New York? What was one of his first acts? What did the new governor try to do? What difficulties did he encounter in New York? To whom did the duke apply for counsel ? What advice did he receive? 1683] FRENCH AND IROQUOIS WAR. 131 Dongan was sent over as governor, with directions to recognize the authority of the Assembly (1683). 198. The most important act of Dongan's administration was the conclusion of a treaty with the Iroquois. Anticipa ting an invasion by the French, the chiefs of the Mohawks and other tribes met the governors of New York and Virginia at Albany, and interchanged pledges of friendship. They were none too soon; for the next month [August, 1684], De la Barre [bar], governor of Canada, made a descent upon their hunting-grounds. Before he encountered the Indians, sickness prostrated most of his soldiers. The cunning Frenchman then sought to make the Iroquois believe that he had come merely to smoke the pipe of peace. Though they understood the state of the case, the Red Men allowed their enemies to depart, and the invaders returned in disgrace to Canada. De la Barre was superseded by Denonville [du-nong-veel']. The latter proceeded to establish a fort at Niagara, despite the remonstrances of the governor of New York. At this time (1686), began the conflict between French and English claims which afterwards led to a destructive war. 199. Instructions were received by the new governor to capture as many Indians as he could and send them to France. Accordingly a number of Iroquois were enticed into a French fort, under pretence that a treaty was to be made, and were there seized. They were afterwards sent to Marseilles [mar-sālz'] and consigned to the galleys. A large army of Indians immediately assembled to attack Montreal. Denonville appeased their fury by complying with their demands; and the war would probably have ended had it not been for the machinations of a Huron chief. Fearing an attack from the Five Nations, if peace should be made, he craftily led them to believe that the French were dealing treacherously, and had invited him to aid in their destrucWhat was the consequence? 198. What was the most important act of Dongan's administration? Where was this treaty made? What took place the next month? Give an account of De la Barre's expedition. By whom was he superseded? What cause of difficulty arose between Denonville and the governor of New York? 199. What instruc tious did Denonville receive? How were they carried out? What did this wanton act |