(d) Hand-clapping.-Especially in the Peninsula, where there are no boomerangs, sounding-sticks, &c., both men and women will clap their hands with open or bent palms, and so produce variations of sound depending upon their degree of concavity.

(d) A very common practice throughout North Queensland is for the women to hit their inner thighs with the flats of the hand. Pl. XXVIII., taken from two Princess Charlotte Bay women, will assist in forming an idea of the posture assumed in such cases. Occasionally (Cardwell, &c.), the outer sides of the thighs may be smacked for similar purposes. Among the Kalkadun and Maitakudi tribes, the women, instead of striking their thighs, occasionally employ a sort of drum or small pillow made of opossum skin, &c., filled with feathers, rags, &c., upon which they will bang with the flats of the open hands. Such a pillow is known as the pikabara in the Maitakudi language.

(e) Sounding-sticks are met with in the hinterland and coast-line, extending from about the Daintree to the Herbert Rivers and perhaps a little further south. Both at Cairns and among the scrub blacks along the Tully River, they are known as kokolo. In the latter district they are made of Hibiscus tiliaceus timber. They are often hardened with fire at their extremities, and usually of unequal size, the larger being held loosely, and more or less downward (Pl. XXXIX., 1, 2, 3), and sharply tapped with the smaller one. To produce a deeper sound, the distal extremity of the stick struck is made to rest on the foot, heel, &c., according to the particular squatting position in which the performer may happen to be.

In those districts, e.g., the Western, where boomerangs are in use, these may take the place of sounding-sticks. With their concavities turned towards each other, a weapon is held at its middle in either hand, and the tips of each struck together on the flat. If sounding-sticks or boomerangs do not happen to be handy, &c., the spurs or buttresses of certain trees, e.g., figs, conveniently situated, may be hammered with sticks in the rough (in the Cardwell scrubs).

During the course of an initiation ceremony at the back of Pr. Charlotte Bay, in 1898, I saw five or six individuals with sticks hammering away upon the convexity of a hollow log, split in half, with the concavity turned downwards; it acted much like a sounding-board, and a splendid tone reverberation was the result.

(f) Rattles, for the children, met with on the Pennefather River, are made by stringing together particular

shells and tying the ends. The shells so utilised are the Cypræa subviridis (Reeve), Arca pilula (Reeve), and Strombus Campbelli (Gray).

Serving a purpose similar to castanets are the bunches of singed, heated, or otherwise dried leaves attached to the shins, or shaken in the hands, of the dancers out in the N.W.-Central districts.

Introduced Games.-There are a few games which have been introduced of late years amongst the natives through the agency of the missionaries, settlers, and others. Amongst such may be mentioned marbles, running races, high-jumping. throwing spears through a suspended hoop. the use of the skipping-rope, &c.