including a complete enumeration of their works, but merely naming the most important. The sketch of Greek and Roman Mythology is that, which I first drew up for use in my own lectures, and which has been separately printed. Here I have endeavored to separate the circumstances most important for the scholar's notice from those of minor consequence; introducing the historical or traditionary part of the fables, without saying much of the theories and speculations employed in solving them; yet presenting hints at explanations, which may be worthy of the scholar's notice. The references to the Metamorphoses of Ovid are added, because I deem it highly useful to connect a reading of these with the study of mythology. A new system of Greek and Roman Antiquities might seem, at first view, less needed than the other parts of this work, since there are other systems and compends easily accessible, especially of Roman Antiquities. But it was necessary to the completeness of the MANUAL to include these branches. Nor was this all: I hoped here, as in the rest of my work, to furnish something especially valuable on account of its embracing all that is most essential to the subject, with the exclusion of extraneous and unimportant matter.

Since the last edition of this Manual, there have appeared some performances of a similar kind, in which I thankfully find evidence of the utility of my own work, and am ready to acknowledge their excellence in some particulars. These works might perhaps render a new impression of mine superfluous; but the very frequent call for the Manual, the urgent request of the book-sellers, and the apprehension now awakened of a second counterfeit emission of the work, have persuaded me to prepare this fifth edition. In the emendations and improvements I have been guided by the same considerations, which controlled me in the preceding editions. In the additions in the part treating of the classic authors I have received very friendly assistance from Professor SCHEFFLER, of this place. Brunswick, Dec. 7, 1807.

From the Preface to the 6th Edition.-In a former preface, the occasion, design and plan of this Manual have been stated. In each successive edition I have endeavored to make useful improvements; but have throughout adhered to the original design, and confined myself, of course, to substantially the same limits. Although much progress has been made in classical studies in Germany during the last thirty years, and there are now several books of great merit, which may serve as guides and introductions to such studies, yet the demand for another impression of this Manual has compelled me again to take it in hand and to perform the renewed labor of revision. In this labor I must again gratefully mention the assistance kindly rendered me by Professor Scheffler.

Brunswick, May, 1816.

The 6th edition was the last published during the life of the author. But the work has been printed once or twice since his death. The following is taken from the Remarks prefixed to the seventh edition.-The continued acknowledgement of the great excellence of this Manual of Classical Literature, which is proved by the constant demand for the book, renders it unnecessary to say much by way of preface to a new edition. After the death of Eschenburg, the society of book-sellers employed a well qualified editor, who has revised the work and superintended it with great care and fidelity. An examination will show, that in doing this, advantage has been taken of the important results of modern classical researches. It is therefore confidently belied, that this work will still be found one of the most useful of the kind; perhaps the very best Manual, both for the Gymnasia and other Seminaries, and also for private use.

Berlin, Nov. I, 1824.

2. In view of this account of the character, design, and reputation of the original work, it is easy to see the reasons why it should be presented to the scholars of our country. Many instructors have felt the want of a Comprehensive Textbook in the department of Classical Literature and Antiquities. After much inquiry, the translator has been able to find no work, which, on the whole, seem so well adapted for the object, as Eschenburg's MANUAL.

It will be seen, by a mere glance, that the general design and plan of the work, in its present form, is to exhibit, in a condensed but comprehensive summary, what is most essential on all the prominent topics belonging to the department of

Classical Literature and Antiquities, and at the same time give references to various sources of information, to which the scholar may go, when he wishes to pursue any of the subjects by further investigations. I cannot doubt, that a Manual on this plan, thoroughly executed, would prove one of the greastest aids to the classical student, which it is possible to put into his hands; and I cherish the hope that, in the entire want of a book of this sort not only in our country, but also in the English language hitherto, the present attempt to introduce one from abroad will meet with a candid reception; especially as it is one, whose value has been so fully attested in the land most of all celebrated for classical attainments.

Here it may be proper to mention, that some years since this work was translated into the French. The translator, after some preliminary remarks, says, 'from such considerations, I supposed I should render the public a service, by making known in France a series of elementary works universally esteemed and circulated in Germany. I begin with the Manual of Classical Literature by ESCHENBURG. This author is Councillor in the Court of the Duke of Brunswick, and Professor in the public Seminary called the Carolinum. As estimable for his moral character as for the variety of his attainments, known as editor of the posthumous writings of Lessing, and dear to all the celebrated men of the country; living also in the vicinity of one of the richest libraries; he united, along with these advantages, all the light and experience derived from a long series of years devoted to instruction, and that good judgment, admirable but rare, which knows how to avoid the superfluous without omitting the necessary and the useful. I shall not attempt an encomium on the book, of which I here offer a translation; it is sufficient to refer to the public suffrage and decision, by which this Manual has been adopted as the basis of public and private instruction in a major part of the Universities and Colleges in Germany.-Subsequently to the time of this translation, in a Report made to the French Institute respecting the literary labors of the Germans, by Charles Villers, the distinguished author of the Essay on the Reformation of Luther, the Manual of Eschenburg was noticed as a valuable gift to the world.

I feel at liberty also to state, as evincing the value of this work, in the estimation of competent judges, that the present translation was commenced with the warm approbation and encouragement of Prof. STUART of Andover, and Prof. ROBINSON, now of Boston. In fact, under the advice of these eminent scholars, Mr. Isaac Stuart, Professor of Languages in the University of S. Carohina, had made preparations for translating the same work, and wholly without my knowledge, but had been compelled to renounce the design, just before I consulted their views of the utility and expediency of my attempt. It is likewise worthy of notice here, that from a conviction of the great value of the Manual and of its adaptedness to be useful in our country, it had actually been translated, before I entered upon the work, by Mr. Crusé, whose translation of the part pertaining to Roman Authors is introduced into the present publication; for further explanation of which the reader is referred to the Advertisement on page 290.

3. No more needs to be said respecting the design and merits of the original work and its claims to be introduced to the knowledge of American scholars. But something more may be desired respecting the author himself. This desire I am able to gratify, through the friendship of Prof. ROBINSON, whose repeated advice and assistance in the present work I here gratefully acknowledge, and who has furnished the following brief notice of Eschenburg.

The name of Eschenburg stands high in Germany, as one of their best writers on taste and the theory of the fine arts, including fine writing. The article [below] is condensed in the Encyclopædia Americana; but I have preferred to translate the original [from the Conversations Lexicon] as being more full. John Joachim Eschenburg, Professor in the Carolinum at Brunswick, was born 1743 at Hamburg, and died at Brunswick, 1820. This distinguished scholar and writer received his earliest education in the Johanneum at Hamburg; afterwards in Leipzig, where Ernesti, Gellert, Morus, and Clodius, were his instruc

tors; then under Heyne and Michalis in Göttingen. He then came, through the agency of Jerusalem, as a private tutor, to Brunswick; where he afterwards received the Professorship in the Carolinum, vacated by the death of the poet Zacharia. This post he held during his life. To him Germany is indebted for a nearer acquaintance with many good English writers in the department of Æsthetics; e. g. Brown, Webb, Burney, and Hurd, whom he translated and in part accompanied with notes and additions. He published, moreover, at different times in Journals and Magazines, accounts of the most remarkable appearances in English Literature, by means of which a love and taste for the literary treasures of that island and people were greatly promoted among the Germans. His greatest desert, however, lies in his translation of Shakspeare (Zurich, 1775-87, 14 vols. 1798-1806, 12 vols.). Although not the first in this great undertaking, since Wieland had already begun a similar, yet he has long had the merit of being the most complete; even though so many excellent translations of the great tragic writer have been since begun. Indeed his version of the collected works of this poet is to this moment sought after, although not possessing the charm of metre nor the literal fidelity, which others exhibit. In making his translation, moreover, by means of his literary and social connections, he enjoyed many advantages, which another would with difficulty possess in an equal degree; and his own private library contained, so long ago as 1807, more than 400 volumes in reference to Shakspeare, exclusive of engravings, &c. Another great benefit, conferred on the public by Eschenburg, was the publication of his Lectures in the Carolinum, his Theorie und Literatur der schönen Wissenschaften, his Lehrbuch der Wissenschaftskunde, and his Handbuch der Classischen Literatur; of the last work a seventh edition was published in 1825.-In social intercourse Eschenburg was exceedingly amiable, and notwithstanding his occasional satirical remarks, generally beloved. Three years before his death he celebrated his official jubilee or 50th anniversary. He was also Senior of the Cyriacus-foundation, and a knight of the Guelphic order.-In the 6th Supplementary Volume of JORDEN'S Lexicon deutscher Dichter und Prosaisten, there is a minute catalogue of his works, both original and translated, and also of his editions of other authors of former or recent times,'

4. It remains for the translator to speak briefly of the principles and method, by which he has attempted to execute his task, in preparing the work in its present form; and the following remarks contain all, that it seems important for him to say on this point. For the rest, he who may use the book, must judge.

As to the translation itself, my aim has been throughout to express the author's meaning with strict fidelity; but in doing this I have endeavored to avoid the long periods and involved arrangement of words and clauses, for which the German language is of known celebrity; I have almost uniformly employed shorter sentences, and have sometimes departed very much from the phraseology of the original.-The alterations are not many; in some instances I have omitted a clause or sentence, and in a few a whole section or paragraph, without any notice to the reader; in a few cases also I have altered the arrangement of the sections. Otherwise, wherever I have not presented the author entire and unaltered, a distinct intimation of some change by the translator is given to the reader, by one of the marks which will be explained below.-The additions are very considerable; and whatever may be their pertinency or their value, they certainly have cost some labor. In making them, I have endeavored to keep constantly in mind the grand design of the work, and to render it more complete in the respects, which, as has been before remarked, constitute its peculiarity, distinguishing it from every other work on these subjects in our language. The additions may generally be distinguished from the original, either by the size of the type, or by particular marks; as will be described under the Explanations below. It will be seen, that large additions have been made in the portion relating to the Greek Literature and Authors; it was my intention to make similar additions to the View of the Roman Authors; but the design was renounced for the reasons stated in the Advertisement on page 290. I regretted, on receiving Mr. Cruse's Translation, to find that it did not include the notices of editions and illustrative works mentioned by Eschenburg; and should the present effort meet with approbation, it is my purpose to prepare for separate publication something more complete on the Roman Literature. I flatter myself, that the condensed view of

the Sacred writings and the writings of the early Christians, as found in the Greek language, will be considered a useful addition.-The whole of Part V. is also added by the translator, as explained on page 572; only it ought to be further remarked, that a few paragraphs pertaining to the remains of Athens and Rome, placed under Antiquities by Eschenburg and omitted in the translation, are introduced, with alterations, in this part under the Topography of those cities.

The work is now offered as a humble contribution to the service of the public, and commended to the candid examination of the scholar; in the hope, that under the blessing of Him, in whom is the fountain of all wisdom and knowledge, it may prove an auxiliary of some value in the cause of liberal and good edu

cation.

Amherst College, April 12, 1836.

EXPLANATIONS.

The following statement will enable the reader to know in general what is from the author and what from the translator. All in the largest type is translated directly from the original, excepting such sections as have a star or the letter t annexed to their number (as, e. g. § 80° on page 48, and § 76t on page 46); the star indicates that the section is wholly added by the translator; the indicates that the section is altered by him so as to differ more or less from the original. All in the smaller type is added by the translator excepting such sections or paragraphs as have the letter u annexed to their num ber, and excepting also most of the mere references to books and authors. The u indicates that the section or paragraph, although in the smaller type, is taken directly from the original. As to the references, which are usually in the smaller type, it did not seem of much consequence to discriminate carefully between what was put in by the author and what by me; if any one should find some of them irrelevant or unimportant, he may safely charge such upon me rather than Eschenburg; if any inquire why the numerous references to German works are retained, I only remark, that it is becoming more and more common to import such works into this country, and more and more important for our scholars to be acquainted with the German language; and if any deem it superfluous to have given so many references, let such consider, that the same books are not accessible to all students, and an increased number of references increases the probability of presenting some to books within the reach of every reader; and it should be borne in mind also, that some references are given chiefly as bibliographical statistics, which is the case especially with respect to some of the editions of Greek classics.

In correcting the press, the translator has enjoyed no assistance; a circumstance, which he much regrets. Some sheets, it ought also to be remarked, were impressed, when he was unable to give them the usual attention. Although a number of typographical errors will be found in the following pages, it is believed that the reader will ackowledge, that the general appearance of the work is highly creditable to the office of the Messrs. Adams. For any degree of neatness and accuracy, which the work may possess, the publishers and the writer are much indebted to the patience, care, and skill of Mr. J. A. Tenney, who has superintended the whole mechanical execution.-Most of the errors, which have been observed, are such as to occasion the reader no difficulty, either not affecting the sense, or suggesting at once their own correction. The following ERRATA are of a more important character.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I-ARCHEOLOGY OF LIT- sion of tongues. Languages of west-

§§ 61-77. 61 Circumstances favor-

able to progress in letters. 62 Actual

studies and attainments. 63 Design of

the author under the present head of

the subject. 64 The Grecian system of

education. Gymnasia, Music. 65, 66

ARCHEOLOGY OF GREEK LITE The Musical and Dramatical contests.

1. Of the origin and first steps of or literary feasts. 70 No learned pro-

Grecian culture. p. 23-30.