Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, that leadeth unto life. It is dishonest and contemptible to use equivocation. It is expedient to treat strangers with reserve. Minime sibi quisque notus est. Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem. Οὗτοι κράτισοι έκατα γίγνονται, οἳ ἂν ἀφέμενοι τοῦ πολλοῖς προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν, ἐπὶ ἓν ἔργον τράπωνται. Causa et radix fere omnium malorum ea una est, quod dum mentis humanæ vires falso miramur et extollimus, vere ejus auxilia non quæramus. The apparent or grammatical subject is not always the true logical subject. Thus in the proposition, That desire is a state of uneasiness every one who reflects on himself will quickly discover; the apparent subject is every one who reflects on himself, and the predicate (with the copula) is, will quickly discover that desire is a state of uneasiness. But the sense of the passage requires us to consider the fact, that desire is a state of uneasiness, to be the true subject; of which it is predicated that it is quickly discoverable by every one who reflects on himself. In deciding on such propositions, the context and the general tenor of the argument must usually be our guide. 3. The process of reasoning requires the previous operation of two judgments; whence a new agreement or disagreement is inferred. Hence it cannot be fully expressed by fewer than three sentences. Thus, in inferring the immortality of the soul from its immateriality, or the spherical form of the earth from the appearance of its shadow, the mind carries on a process to this effect: It previously acquiesces in the judgment, that Every thing immaterial is immortal; or, that The substance which, in whatsoever position it be, casts a circular shadow, is_spherical. It then assumes, in the former case, that The soul is immaterial; in the latter, that The earth is a substance which, in whatever position it be, casts a circular shadow. Whence it proceeds to the third. judgment, namely, that The soul is immortal; or, that The earth is spherical. This entire process expressed in language is logically called a decomplex, or doubly complex word. Atque hinc adeo vulgo dicitur Pars prima Logicæ versari circa Terminos simplices, i. e. voces simplices, Apprehensionem simplicem exprimentes: secunda circa Propositionem, sive Vocem complexam, quæ Judicium exprimit: tertia vero circa Syllogismum, sive Vocem decomplexam, quâ Argumentatio sive Discursus exprimitur. §. 3. De Nominum Divisionibus. PRIMA igitur pars Logicæ versatur circa Terminos Simplices; i. e. ejusmodi voces, quæ solitariæ in propositione prædicari vel subjici possunt; et vocantur ideo Categorematicæ, ut homo, lapis. Quædam etiam vocabula sunt tantum Syncategoremata, sive compartes subjecti aut prædicati, ut omnis, nullus; Quædam etiam mixta, ut semper, i. e. omni tempore; nemo, i. e. nullus homo; currit, i. e. est currens; quo etiam modo verbum omne grammaticum resolvi potest. Verbum igitur Logicum (nempe purum) præ ter Copulam nullum est: cætera ex participio et copulâ coalescunt. Simple Terms or Categorematic Words are those words which may be used alone either as the subject or the predicate, in a proposition. A simple term therefore must be a substantive in the nominative case; either by itself, or constituting with its adjuncts one simple logical word. Thus in the proposition, Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus, the word virtus, by itself, constitutes the subject; the substantive nobilitas, with its adjuncts, in other terms, the logical word nobilitas-sola-atqueunica, constitutes the predicate. These are therefore two simple terms. In the sentence, Virtus est vitium fugere, the word vitium-fugere, which is the subject, and the word virtus, which is the predicate, are both simple terms. For the subject vitium-fugere is truly a noun substantive in the nominative case. Again, in the proposition, I am happy, the two simple terms are I, which is the representative of a substantive in the nominative case; and a-happy-man, which is implied in the elliptical form, happy. In All Adjectives and Participles are Syncategorems ; since they can, in sense, form only a part of a subject or predicate. For they necessarily require a substantive, either expressed or understood. the sentence, Music is delightful, it is not true that delightful constitutes the predicate. The actual term is incomplete; and should be expressed thus, a delightful thing. Man is frail; i. e. a frail being, or creature. The king was astonished; i. e. a person astonished. Substantives in the oblique cases are also Syncategorems, as, Pecus est Melibai; i. e. Pecus est pecusMelibai. I yield to my betters; i. e. I am a-personyielding-to-my-betters. Mixed words may be formed by the combination of two syncategorems, as in the first instance given in the text: or of a categorem and a syncategorem, as in the second instance: or of the copula and a syncategorem, as in the third example. The mixed words of the second class (formed by the combination of a categorem with a syncategorem) are themselves also categorems or simple terms. Thus Nemo is a mixed word, because it is formed of nullus and homo: but it is a simple term, because it may be the subject of a proposition. Thus again the words, consideration, progress, spirit, perfection, are in themselves categorems; whereas, the words this, single, finite, &c. cannot be any other than syn categorems. But the mixed word, This single consideration of the progress of a finite spirit to perfection, is also a categorem; and the less complex terms which form a part of it are, when taken in connexion, reduced to the rank of syncategorems. The third class of mixed words comprehends all grammatical verbs, except the substantive verb in the indicative mode and present tense, which simply denotes unqualified existence, divested of all notion of time or mode. Thus, I stand, logically resolved, denotes I am standing; and, by the completion of the predicate, I am a person standing. Nomen Logicum, est Terminus simplex sine tempore significativus. Nam ex antedictis, Terminus simplex idem valet atque vox articulata et recta, et ex instituto significans: siquidem exclusæ sunt voces inarticulatæ, quasque natura sponte suggerit; voces autem obliquæ sunt Syncategoremata. A Logical Noun is equivalent to a Simple Term, or Categorem. It is significative: in opposition to adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, &c. which have no actual signification, but merely unite, or qualify, or denote the relation between the words with which they are joined. It is without the expression of time: as distinguished from verbs, which, by the changes of terminations or of auxiliaries, denote time past, present, and future. The definition above given of a Logical Noun is not quite accurate. It appears to imply that the Noun is a kind of simple term, distinguished from other kinds of simple terms by the adjoined qualities, significant, and inexpressive of time. Whereas in fact these qualities are essential to a simple term ; and the two, instead of being related to each other as a part to the whole, are exactly equivalent in signification. A Logical Noun may be defined A significant Word, inexpressive of time or relation. The additional limitation, inexpressive of relation, excludes both adjectives and the oblique cases of substantives. It may not be obvious to every reader, that the word recta in the text, applied to vox, is used in the grammatical sense, in contradistinction to the subsequent expression voces obliquæ. The ancient grammarians represented the natural form of a noun as being erect or upright; and the various modifications which the noun undergoes in government, as fallings-off, (casus,) or declensions from that erect form. Hence vox recta, or (by a strange confusion of metaphor,) casus rectus, was adopted to denote the primitive form or nominative case; while the epithet obliquus was attached to the governed cases; i. e. to all the other cases except the vocative. Nouns in the vocative case cannot fall under logical rules; for they form no part of a sentence. Mere sounds of imitation, and natural exclamations are for the same reason excluded. Multæ sunt Nominis Divisiones; quarum tres sufficiunt hujus loci instituto; sed ob multiplicem earum usum, quinque alias adjungam. |