(8) Infantes a crabronibus terrentur a canibus timentur. (9) Nunc quidem, latrones improbissimi, ab omnibus timemini, mox autem ab imperatore coercebimini.

(10) Dum imperator hostium urbem delebat, arx a magna militum multitudine servabatur.

(11) Sex altæ quercus a domino in silva servabantur. (12) Dum latro ad templum Liberi advolat, vulgus ab imperatore coercetur.

(1) While the wretched slaves were being torn by lions, the people were being restrained by soldiers. (2) The citadel will be destroyed, the city laid waste. (3) Good men will be praised by the wise, blamed by the foolish.

(4) When the king shall build the temple he will be praised by the people.

(5) You, O foolish citizens, are preserved by the soldiers.

(6) When the column of the enemy was destroying the citadel, the prisoners were being freed by the

citizens.

(7) Daughters are loved by fathers, sons by mothers. (8) In port, sailors will be freed from the ships. (9) The gates of the city were being strongly fortified. (10) To-day the boy is cherished by the mother; tomorrow he will be chastised by the master. (11) By workmen was the town being built; by soldiers it will be destroyed.

(12) The city was being attacked by the enemy, and will be laid waste by soldiers.

(1) Cras caput vatis vestimento tegetur.

(2) Miserorum servorum multitudo a militibus in vincula ducebatur.

(3) Heri quidem oppidum ab hostibus oppugnabatur, cras autem a nostris defendetur.

(4) Equidem infans quondam a matre nutriebar, jam puer a patre erudiar.

(5) Nostri legati a Carolo, rege crudelissimo, gravissimis catenis vincientur.

(6) Venatoris vestimentum sanguine cervorum et aprorum imbuetur.

(7) Cras portæ urbis præsidio firmabuntur.

(8) Carolus, regum miserrimus, a decem servis in templum Liberi vehebatur.

(9) Ego et tu, Carole, in carcere custodiemur.

(10) Dum vos, improbi, a judice puniebamini, nos laudabamur.

(11) Cras, cives, clamor strepitusque in urbe vestra audietur.

(1) For five hours the shouting of men and the creaking of ropes were heard by the sailor.

(2) Then was being heard in the city wailing.

(3) The mountain will be covered with a thick black cloud.

(4) Balbus and I were guarded ten days by the soldiers. (5) The bones of the renowned general, Tullius, were being consumed by the wasting disease. (6) To-day you are being warned; to-morrow you will be punished.

(7) For nine days the white horse was restrained in the stable with a halter.

(8) Thieves will be punished; robbers will be driven

away.

(9) To-morrow the pious King Edward will be pierced with arrows by Hingva.

(10) We were being advised by many sagacious masters. (11) A large (sum of) money was being paid to the king by the inhabitants of the island.

(12) The garments will be put on by the wretched Hercules.

This is evidently a Finite verb; but directly we look at it we are struck with the difference between it and the Finite verbs which we have up to the present met with; and we remark at once that the first part of the word in this verb changes instead of remaining the same. How is this?

Imagine two coins to have been both struck in 1860, and one of them to have been very little used, while the other has been perpetually changing hands and passing from one person to another. The former of the two would have altered very little from its original appearance, but the latter would be worn down, and would appear very different to what it had once appeared.

This is just what has happened with the verb sum. As it is used much more frequently than other verbs, its appearance has altered much more than theirs, and hence it is not so easy to distinguish which is its stem and which its personal ending.

Let us see how it is used.

In the sentence

George, king of England, reigned seventy years, 'king' is a substantive describing 'George,' and therefore, as we have seen, agrees with 'George.'

Again in the sentence

The wicked king praises the unjust judge,

'wicked' and 'unjust' are adjectives describing 'king' and 'judge,' and therefore agreeing with them.

In other words, substantives and adjectives which are used to describe substantives, are put in the same case as substantives.

Consequently, in the sentence

'George is king of England,' 'king' must be in the same case as 'George.'

And in the sentence

'The king is wicked,' 'wicked' must be in the same case as 'king.'

(1) Nos quidem Angli sumus, vos autem Galli estis. (2) Filiæ nautarum sunt ancillæ.

(3) Insularum incolæ sunt nautæ.

(4) Nautæ quidem sunt validi, scribæ autem infirmi. (5) Britanniæ Regina est sapientissima.

(6) Leones sunt sævissima animalia.

(7) Tu, Brute, improbissimus es.
(8) Rex magnarum insularum sum.

(9) Britanniæ Regina filia est boni viri.

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