BOOK REVIEWS. HYGIENE OF THE DWELLING. L'HABITATION.-Procédés de recherche et de controle, par HENRI BERTIN-SANS, Professeur Agrégé à la Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier, laureate de l'institute (Académie des Sciences). Preface par M. BROUARDEL, Doyen et Professeur de la Faculté de Médecine de Paris, Président du comité consultatif d'Hygiène de France, Membre de l'Institute. FASCICULE PREMIER, L'EMPLACEMENT DE L'HABITATION. Avec 82 figures intercalees dans le texte. Librarie J. B. Baillière & Fils, 19, rue Hautefeuille, près du Boulevard Saint-Germain. Paris, 1902. Tout droits réservés. "Hygiène Expérimentale."-This work, by one of the most distinguished hygienists of France, when complete, will consist of seven distinct fasciculi, embracing the following divisions of the subject: I. The location. II. The material of its structure. III. The atmosphere. IV. The lighting. V. The warming. VI. Ventilation. VII. Waste and filth. M. Brouardel says, in his preface: "The treatise on 'Hygiène Expérimentale,' of which M. le Dr. H. Bertin-Sans has undertaken the publication, fills a void in our medical literature. "Since the discoveries of Pasteur, the efforts of his French and foreign competitors, of his students and of hygienists, have been concentrated on the pathogenic nature of contagious and epidemic diseases; before the time of Pasteur spontaneity and specificity were the advanced terms of the theories most favored; thanks to the researches in the laboratories and to a more precise observation of the facts, hygienists have succeeded in determining the conditions on which diseases depend and the way in which they are propagated. "The doctor who will compare the treatises which appeared twenty years ago and those that are now given to the profession will be enabled to judge of the advanced course that has since been followed. "The early training of M. Bertin-Sans has familiarized him with the application of mathematics, and his later work with the experimental methods of physics and chemistry; he has treated the questions relating to the location of habitations, to the soil, the water, following strictly the rules that govern these sciences. He has compiled a work which the physician having little knowledge of the sciences would certainly be unable to make. "This work thus fills a place hitherto unoccupied. Physicians who fill places on boards of health and are called upon to advise the administration on the projects of introducing water, on the removal of cemeteries, the purifying of foul ponds, all know the uncertain, the difficult, problems that are proposed for their solution." This work of M. Bertin-Sans fills a place that the physician, unaided, could not hold. It will have a powerful influence on the future development of hygienic work. It will have another advantage. The doctor may point out the unhealthful conditions in a house, but he is often unable to specify the work to be done to render the place habitable. The engineer, the architect, charged with removing the danger rarely understands the case as presented by the doctor. The education, the language, the professional routine of the one differs materially from that of the other and a mutual understanding is prevented. I am convinced that the work of M. Bertin-Sans will render a mutual agreement much easier; it will bring about a mutual understanding between doctors and architects. T. P. C. LEIBNITZ'S DISCOURSE ON METAPHYSICS, CORRESPONDENCE WITH ARNAULD, AND MONADOLOGY. With an historical and critical introduction by PAUL JANET, Member of the French Institute. Translated from the originals by Dr. George R. Montgomery, Instructor in Philosophy in Yale University, New Haven. Frontispiece: The Leibnitz monument near the Thomas-Kirche in Leipsic. Pages xxi, 272. Price, paper, 35 cents net, postage 8 cents extra; in England and the U. P. U., 2 shillings. These three treatises of Leibnitz give a comprehensive survey of his philosophy in its genesis, its development and its final crystallized form, of interest to all readers who would become acquainted with philosophical deductions from the limited resources of learning before the age of experimental knowledge. Leibnitz was a pioneer in the abrogation of the ingenious conceptions of the peripatetics. "The Discourse on Metaphysics" was written in 1686, when Leibnitz was forty years of age, while the “Monadology" was composed and published just two years before his death. The "Discourse" was never published during Leibnitz's lifetime, and appears now not in all editions of his works. The "Correspondence with Arnauld," who was the Nestor and leading authority of the philosophy of the day, is a discussion of the important and fundamental metaphysical questions raised by Leib nitz in the "Discourse." It shows Leibnitz's metaphysical thought in all the interesting phases of its origin. The "Monadology" is the only one of these three treatises that has ever before been translated into English. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE WEATHER BUREAU, 1900-1901 (in two volumes). Vol. 1, 4to, pp. 318. A complete summary of the work of the Bureau for the period with notes and explanations of and in addition to the tabulated records, which, taken altogether, are of no less interest to sanitarians and physicians who are concerned for the health of the people.generally, and for certain invalids in particular, with relation to climate, than are the forecasts and weather conditions to merchants and agriculturists; a service altogether of inestimable value, inadequately appreciated. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. 8vo., pp. CXV, 344. "We buy annually $400,000,000 worth of the products of foreign fields, one-half of which will, at no distant time, be grown in the United States; the other half is the product of such climates as prevail in our new island possessions. It is the privilege and the duty of the Department of Agriculture to teach the people of those islands to produce what we now buy from foreign countries, that they may have incomes to help toward their growth in all desirable directions." The topics discussed in the report are: The weather, animal industry, plant industry, oils, chemistry, forestry, experiment stations, entomology, public roads, publications, foreign markets, library, accounts and disbursements, biological survey, statistics, comprehending a fund of information of practical utility to all citizens who would understand the scope of the department. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR 1899-1900. Vol. 2, pp. 1.360. (Vol. I was reviewed in December number.) This volume comprehends Contributions to the History of the Hopkins Grammar School, New Haven, Conn, 1660 to 1900; Language Question in Greece and Some Reflections Suggested by It; the Legislative Career of Justin S. Morrill; Miscellaneous Educational Topics; Educational Matters in Various States; Consular Reports Sociology at the Paris Exposition of 1900; Education in the Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and Samoa; Education at the Paris Exposition; Education in France; Report on Education in Alaska; Tenth Annual Report on the Introduction of Domestic Reindeer Into Alaska; City School Systems; Institutions for Higher Education; Professional Schools; Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges; Statistics of Normal Schools; Statistics of Secondary Schools; Manual and Industrial Training; Commercial and Business Schools; Education of the Colored Race; Statistics of Reform Schools; Schools for the Defective Classes; Current Topics; Statistics of Elementary Education in Foreign Countries. This mere enumeration of the subjects reported upon and discussed is abundantly suggestive of the value of the volume. CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE. AMERICA'S POSITION IN THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD. The description given by Mr. Carl Snyder, in an article in the January number of the "North American Review," of the inferior position of America in the scientific world has aroused much discussion. Perhaps the greatest service Mr. Snyder's paper has done is that it has moved Professor Simon Newcomb, who may be regarded as the dean of the American corps of scientists, to call attention, in a masterly contribution to the February number of the same "Review," to certain "Conditions Which Discourage Scientific Work in America." Professor Newcomb points out that the scientific investigator in Europe is stimulated in his work by the consciousness that it receives the largest appreciation from all classes of the community, whereas Americans fail to accord a proper place to the individual investigator. Professor Newcomb concludes: "I see but one cure for these conditions, but one way of introducing the academic element into the political atmosphere of our capital. It is to make Washington a center of learning in which all that is greatest in the human intellect shall be represented by leaders of world-wide reputation and strong personality, who can speak and act independently of Government control, and thus be free from the restraint which shackles the utterances of a public officer. The most effective way to bring this about would seem to lie through the establishment of a great university or other scientific institution having as little connection with Government as possible, yet not so foreign to it as to be of no interest to our authorities. Great things may be hoped of the Carnegie Institution as a coming agency of reform. One is bewildered in trying to forecast the results of an enterprise starting on so magnificent a scale and under conditions so promising as this does. What can be said is that there is every prospect of its proving such an agency in the promotion of knowledge as the world has rarely seen. Let us hope that the historian of the future shall also be able to add that it was the agency that brought the politics and the learning of our country into sympathy and harmonious co-operation." THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION. The Board of Trustees elected the incorporators to carry out the purposes of the institution is as follows: Ex-Officio Members. The President of the United States. The President of the United States Senate. The President of the National Academy of Sciences. Selected Members-Grover Cleveland, New Jersey; John S. Billings, New York; William N. Frew, Pennsylvania; Lyman J. Gage, Illinois; Daniel C. Gilman, Maryland; John Hay, District of Columbia; Abram S. Hewitt, New Jersey; Henry L. Higginson, Massachusetts; Henry Hitchcock, Missouri; Charles L. Hutchinson, Illinois; William Lindsay, Kentucky; Seth Low, New York; Wayne MacVeagh, Pennsylvania; D. O. Mills, California; S. Weir Mitchell, Pennsylvania; W. W. Morrow, California; Elihu Root, New York; John C. Spooner, Wisconsin; Andrew D. White, New York; Edward D. White, Louisiana; Charles D. Walcott, District of Columbia, and Carroll D. Wright, District of Columbia. Mr. Carnegie's purpose, as stated by himself in requesting the various trustees to become members of the board, is as follows: "It is proposed to found in the city of Washington, in the spirit of Washington, an institution which, with the co-operation of institutions now or hereafter established there or elsewhere, shall, in the broadest and most liberal manner, encourage investigation, research and discovery; encourage the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind; provide such buildings, laboratories, books and apparatus as may be needed, and afford instruc |