SOME IMPORTANT MARKETS.

153

Moreover, as the Andes run down the west coast, while the wet winds blow-except in the south of Chile-from the east, the great rivers flow from the eastern slope of the mountains towards the Atlantic, i.e. towards the commercial nations of the Old World. And the existence of two mountainous plateaux, that

of Guiana in the north and that of Brazil in the east, divides the river system into three great basins-the Orinoco, the Amazon, and the Plate.

Between these three mountain systems, and along these three rivers, there are three plains-the llanos of the Orinoco, the selvas of the Amazon, and the pampas

ie. in Flanders. It happens also that in the same district there is a remarkable absence in the soil of limesalts; and this makes the water of the Lys river peculiarly well adapted to the cleansing of flax, just as the water of the Maine (U.S.A.) rivers is to the manufacture of pulp and paper, or that of the Loire at St. Etienne to the tempering of iron, or that of the Trent at Burton to the brewing of beer. Consequently, the wealth of the Flemish peasant consists chiefly in flax; and, owing to the abundance of coal and iron in the neighbourhood between Tournai and Liège, Courtrai and other towns in the Lys valley have become as famous for fine linen as Brussels, Mechlin, and Bruges have for fine lace.

What has been said about the climate of Belgium is more or less true of Holland. The country is very low and very flat, and is exposed on the north, as well as on the west, to wet sea-winds. Consequently, the air is very damp, and the sky is continually clouded over; but there is no effective condensing medium to precipitate the moisture in rain or snow.

In such a climate, and on an alluvial soil, the agricultural products are sure to include rye, potatoes, and flax; and the demand for really good flax for the Belgian lace industry causes a single crop of it to be sometimes more valuable than the whole piece of land on which it was grown. But the most important product of all will be grass, for the low moist polders give splendid pasture for the production of milk; and dairy industries suit a country like Holland, which has very important colonies, eg. in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Guiana, to attract its male population to commerce. The cheese is made chiefly west of the Zuider Zee, e.g. at Alkmaar, and Hoorn,

U

of the books marked * to Principals of Schools and
others engaged in tuition

Prospectus and Price List with Specimen Pages

Thornton's Book-keeping

I am often being asked questions about my books:—which should Ì recommend for a class of beginners, which for certain examinations, which for a business man, in what order should they be studied, and so on. I hope that the following pages will supply answers to some of these questions, and give the kind of information and help that is wanted to intending purchasers. I shall always be pleased to reply to any special enquiries, and shall appreciate suggestions from those who have tested my methods of teaching Book-keeping.

LEAMINGTON COLLEGIATE SCHOOL.

CONTENTS

JOHN THORNTON.

*Book-keeping for Elementary Schools. Three Stages. Stage I. 9d.

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A B C Automatic Balancing Charts for the above. ls.
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No. 1. For Junior Pupils. 9d. No. 2. Skeleton Ledger. 9d. No. 3. For working Test Exercises fully. 1s. 6d. No. 4. Including Journal Cash Book, Day Book, Invoice Book Ledger. 1s. 6d. No. 5- Condensed Edition, Nos. 1 to 4. 2s. No. 6. Journal only (small 4to.). 6d. No. 7. Exercise Books for the Primer. 1s. the set. *A B C D Book-keeping Exercise Books:

Book A, for ordinary Ledger Work (with £ s. d.) 3d. Book B, for Exercises in Proving without words, dates, shillings, or pence, 3d. Book C, for Journal, Cash Book, Day Book, or Invoice Book (with £ s. d.), 3d. Book D, for Exercises in Proving through the medium of Cash Book, Day Book, etc., 3d. The set, ls.

Now Ready. Globe 8vo. Stage I., Sewed 9d.
Stages II. and III. in the Press

BOOK-KEEPING

FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

IN THREE STAGES

BY

J. THORNTON

EXAMINER TO THE CENTRAL WELSH BOARD AUTHOR OF "STUDENT'S MANUAL OF BOOK-KEEPING' "6 PRIMER OF BOOK-KEEPING," ETO.

London

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

All rights reserved

CONTENTS.

LESSON I. Things and Persons; II. Transactions and Accounts; III. Why we keep Accounts; IV. Cash and Credit; V. Cash and Goods; VI. Personal Accounts; VII. How to make out a Personal Account; VIII. How to Balance a Personal Account; IX. Cash Account; X. How to Prove Cash Accounts; XI. Goods Account; XII. Double EntryWhat it means; XIII. Debtor and Creditor; XIV. Trial Balance; XV. Double Entry not Double Trouble; XVI. Books of Original Entry; XVII. Sales Book and Purchases Book; XVIII. Posting; XIX. "Cash Book and "Cash Account"; XX. Balancing the Cash Book; XXI. Practice in Entering and Posting; XXII. Practice in Proving; XXIII. Cash and Discount; XXIV. Cash Book with Bank Columns; XXV. Gross Profit; XXVI. Profit and Loss Account; XXVII. Capital Account; XXVIII. Proving Capital Account; XXIX. Proving by Trial Balance; XXX. Proving by Final Balance Sheet.

WHY WE KEEP ACCOUNTS.

getting confused, so to make it quite clear you put it down on paper for him to look at.

BALANCE SHEET.

Then you explain that the word Assets means all your property of every description, that Liabilities are Debts owing by you, and that the difference between your Assets and Liabilities constitutes your Net Capital. "Well, my son, I see you have done well. You have lived out of the business, and are now worth. £60 more than when I started you. That shows what perseverance and energy will do."

Something else too, father, something I should never have got on without."

"Pray, what is that?

"Good Bookkeeping, which I learnt at School, where they taught me how to "Prove my Books."

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the difference between Debts Payable and Debts Receivable?

2. How can I find the total of my Debts Receivable and Debts Payable?

3. Give a careful explanation of the difference between Cash and Capital.

4. Name any Assets you can think of not mentioned in the Lesson. 5. What are Liabilities?

6. What is the difference between your Assets and your Liabilities called?