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INTRODUCTION TO

COMMERCIAL GERMAN

BY

F. COVERLEY SMITH, B.A.

ASSISTANT MASTER IN THE HIGH SCHOOL, NOTTINGHAM, FORMERLY SCHOLAR
OF MAGDALENE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

London

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

CONTENTS.

The Alphabet; Double Consonants; Spelling; Pronunciation; Vowels; Modified Vowels; Diphthongs; Consonants.

LESSONS.-1-3. Parts of Speech; 4-7. Verbs; 8-15. Declension of Nouns; 16-18. Declension of Adjectives; 19-22. Auxiliary Verb; 23, 24. The Conditional; 25. Recapitulatory-Compound Tenses of a Verb (Faufen); 26, 27. The Auxiliary Verbs of Mood; 28. Comparison of Adjectives; 29. Impersonal Verbs; 30. Conjugation of Reflexive Verbs; 31, 32. Numerals—(1) Cardinal Numbers, (2) Ordinal Numbers; 33-37. Pronouns; 38. Conjugation of the Simple Forms of a Strong Verb; 39-44. Strong Verbs; 45. Anomalous Verbs, Miscellaneous Exercises on Strong Verbs; 46. Compound Verbs; 47-50. Inseparable Verbs; 51-55. Separable Verbs; 56. Prefixes, Separable or Inseparable; 57, 58. Adverbs; 59-63. Prepositions; 64. Conjunc tions; 65-71. Miscellaneous Exercises; 72. Miscellaneous Sentences; 73, 74. Directions for Writing a Business Letter; 75. Modes of Beginning a Letter; 76-79. Extracts from Letters.

Specimens of Letters; For Translation into German; Letters for Translation into German-Observations. APPENDIX I. Synoptic Table

of Endings of German Declensions; II. Rules for the Gender of Substantives; III. Conjugation of Auxiliary Verb; IV. List of Principal Strong Verbs; V. Reported Speech. German-English Vocabulary; English-German Vocabulary.

Lyceum." One of the most useful and practical of the many German grammars which have been provided for the use of our schoolboys. It is a book which

we can heartily commend."

LXXIV

COMMERCIAL GERMAN

123

Lesson LXXIV

DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING A BUSINESS LETTER

(FROM SCHIEBE-ODERMANN)

A. Der kaufmännische Brief besteht (consists) aus der Überschrift, aus dem Inhalte, aus dem Schlusse und der Unterschrift. Die Überschrift enthält die Angabe des Ortes und des Datums der Abfassung (composing) des Briefes, so wie des Namens und des Wohnorts desjenigen, an den der Brief gerichtet ist. Dem Gebrauche gemäß werden der Ort des Schreibenden und die Adresse des Handelhauses, an welches der Brief gerichtet ist, mit englischer Schrift (characters) geschrieben.

Der Inhalt begreift (comprises) das, was zu schreiben ist. Sind mehrere Briefe zu beantworten (if there are .), so geschieht dies Ihren Daten nach (this is done in order of date); man beschränkt sich jedoch (confining oneself, however) auf das, was wirklich einer Antwort oder Erwähnung (mention) bedarf. Hat man keinen Brief zu antworten, so muß man sich auf denjenigen berufen (refer), der dem zu schreibenden vorangegangen ist (which preceded the one to be written), und auf den wichtigften Teil seines Inhalts aufmerksam machen.

B. Der Schluß des Briefes enthält je nach den Umständen einige verbindliche Worte (words of compliment) an denjenigen, an welchen man ihn richtet: einen Wunsch, der auf Herstellung (the establishing) eines lebhaften Verkehrs gerichtet ist; die Bitte, Aufträge zu erteilen, oder über die Dienste des Schreibers bei jeder Gelegenheit zu verfügen; wohl (maybe) auch die Bitte, einen dem Schreiben beigelegten (enclosed) Brief an jemanden übergeben zu laffen oder zu befördern. Dann kommt das Schlußcompliment (complimentary conclusion). Dasselbe ist von Kaufleuten zu Kaufleuten in der Regel (as a rule) ganz einfach (simple), 3. B. Achtungsvoll ergeben—Achtungsvoll und ergebenst -Mit Achtung und Ergebenheit-Ich empfehle mich Ihnen ergebenst (mit Achtung und Ergebenheit) — Ich zeichne mit Achtung und Ergebenheit, u.s.w.

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Commercial Spanish

BY

LEON DELBOS

INSTRUCTOR IN FRENCH H.M.S. "BRITANNIA

London

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

CONTENTS

LESSON 1. Alphabet; Pronunciation; Diphthongs; The Tonic Accent. The Written Accents-On the Manner of addressing People; Vs, Vd, Vm, Vmd, V.V., Vs, Vds. Vmds. Punctuation-Reading Exercise with Literal and Interlinear Translation. 2. Verbs, Haber and Tener; The Objective Case. 3. Verbs, Ser and Estar. 4. The Noun and Article-Gender of Nouns; Case; Plural of Nouns ;

Compound Words; The Article ; "Some" or "Any"; The Possessive Case. 5. Prepositions-Use of Para and Por. 6. Adjectives. 7. Distinction between Ser and Estar. 8. Recapitulatory Exercise. 9. Augmentatives and Diminutives. 10. Remarks on some Adjectives. 11. Degrees of Comparison. 12. Numeral Adjectives. 13. Personal Pronouns. 14. Possessive Pronouns. 15. Demonstrative Pronouns. 16. Interrogative and Indefinite PronounsRemarks. 17. The Participle. 18. Regular Verbs-Idioms. 19. Recapitulatory Exercise. 20. Passive Verbs. 21. Reflexive Verbs. 22. Impersonal Verbs. 23. Adverbs. 24. Notes on the Verb. 25. Recapitulatory Exercise composed of Commercial Expressions. 26. Conjunctions and Subjunctive Mood of Regular Verbs. 27. The Imperfect of the Subjunctive. 28. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. 29. Irregular Verbs. 30. Interjections. 31. On Construction. 32. Recapitulatory Exercise composed of Sentences extracted from Standard Spanish Authors. 33. Advertisements, etc., from Spanish Newspapers. 34. Commercial Correspondence; Beginnings of Letters; Endings of Letters.

APPENDIX I. Alphabetical Table of the Chief Irregularities occurring in Spanish Verbs; II. List of some Abbreviations used in Writing. English-Spanish Vocabulary; Spanish-English Vocabulary. Army and Navy Gazette.-" Close examination of this volume has shown us that it is of simple and practical character, well directed to the teaching of Spanish as the language is used in business circles. The steps are gradual, and the student will find his progress rapid."

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2. Hemos recibido oportunamente su We have received in good time carta del 5 de enero. your letter of Jan. 5th . .

3. Es en nuestro poder su carta del We are in possession of your letter 25 del mes pasado en la que of the 25th ult., in which

...

4. Tenemos el honor de advertir á We have the honour to inform Vd.

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5. Nos hará V. un gran servicio, si le es posible darnos informes sobre la casa...

you.

...

You will do us great service if you can give us some information about the firm

6. Confirmando á Ꮴ . nuestra In confirmation of our last, we última, tenemos el honor

have the honour

7. Hemos recibido la favorecida de We have received your favour of Vd. del 17 del corriente

.

8. A mi llegada en Madrid he recibido la carta que se ha servido á V. dirigirnos el 17 del corriente.

9. En contestacion á su estimada del 20 del mes ultimo .

the 17th inst.

On my arrival in Madrid I received the letter which you were so good as to send us on the 17th inst.

In answer to your favour of the 20th ult.

N.B.-The tendency of the present day is to avoid complicated and over - polite formulæ. It may be said that the conciseness of the English commercial style is daily more appreciated by Spanish business men.

ENDINGS OF LETTERS

1. Con este motivo tengo el honor... I have the honour to subscribe

myself

2. Quedan de Vds. afectísimos Equivalent to, Your obedient seguros servidores; generally

written, Quedan de Vds. Afos

S.S.

servants.

A more respectful and now not very commonly used ending is the following:

3. Permítanos V. le ofrezcamos la consideracion mas perfecta de sus atentos servidores.

Literally, Permit us to offer you the most perfect consideration of your attentive servants. Equivalent to, Your most obedi

ent servants.

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Commercial Law

BY

J. E. C. MUNRO, L.L.M.

LATE PROFESSOR OF LAW, OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER

London

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

CONTENTS

PART I.-MERCANTILE PERSONS AND MERCANTILE PROPERTY.

PART-II. CONTRACTS.

CHAPTER 1. The Formation of Contracts; 2. Capacity of Parties to Contract; 3. The Form of and Consideration for Contracts; 4. The Legality of the Agreement; 5. Possibility of Performance; 6. Effects of Mistake, Misrepresentation, or Fraud; 7. The Assignment of Contracts; 8. Performance, Breach, and Discharge of Contracts.

PART III.-THE LEADING COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS.

CHAPTER. 1. Partnership; 2. Principal and Agent; 3. The Sale of Goods; 4. Insurance; 5. Guarantees; 6. Charter Parties and Bills of Lading; 7. Bills, Notes, Cheques, and I.O.U.s.

PART IV.-BANKRUPTCY.

PART V.-THE APPLICATION OF LAW.

APPENDIX.-Glossary; Proposal for Life Insurance; Form of Life Policy; Form of Marine Policy; Questions.

INDEX.

Educational News.-"The luminous lucidity of his style, the clear logicality of his arrangement, and the completeness of his survey, within the limits assigned to him, show that he is master of his subject, and mark his book as a successful endeavour to make commercial education a living reality."

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