VI THE ADVANCE OF PERSIA TO THE AEGEAN 235 and a usurper had arisen, pretending to be the dead Smerdis, to whom he bore a remarkable likeness. Cambyses went in haste to crush the false Smerdis. But, as he passed through Syria, he "found death by his own hand,” as is related in a great writing on the rock of Behistun. The next heir to the Persian throne was a Accession certain Hystaspes, who was satrap of Parthia and had a son named of Dari Darius. But Hystaspes made no attempt to secure his right, and (Dâraja hus), 521 the false Smerdis established himself so firmly that, as Darius wrote B.C. afterwards in that famous inscription of the rock, “No Persian nor Mede dared to oppose him." But Darius had different thoughts from his father; and conspiring with six nobles he killed the usurper and became king himself. In the first years of his reign his force and ability were proved in the task of quelling rebellions which broke out in almost all parts of the wide realm which Cyrus had put together. Elam, Babylonia, Media, Armenia revolted; a new false (Babylon Smerdis arose; Babylon had to be twice besieged. Having taken, established his power firmly and crushed all resistance, Darius (1) Feb. recorded for future ages the hardly won successes of his first years, (2) 519 in an inscription on the lofty rock of Behistun on the upper course of B.C.) the river Choaspes. The writing is in the Persian, the Susic, and Inscription the Babylonian languages. 520 B.C., of Bagistan By wedding Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus and widow of her Atossa. brother Cambyses, Darius linked himself closely to the family of his predecessors. He proceeded to reorganise the administration of his dominion. He extended the system of satrapies or governments, and the whole realm was divided into twenty such satrapies. West Western of the Halys, the old kingdom of Lydia consisted of three provinces, satrapies: I. (a) but subject to two satraps: the Ionian and the Lydian under one Ionian, governor who resided at Sardis; the Phrygian which included the (6) Lydian, Greek cities of the Propontis under a governor whose seat was at 2. Phry Dascylion. These satraps did not interfere in the local affairs of gian. the Greek cities, which were ruled by despots; and the despots might Tyrants do much as they pleased, so long as they paid tribute duly and under furnished military contingents when required. The despots liked the rule. Persian rule which secured their power, and this explains the noteworthy fact that the Greeks of Asia Minor made no attempt to shake off the Persian yoke during the troubles which ushered in the reign of Darius. It is possible too that their condition under the rule of Cambyses was better than under Darius; for Darius is said to have instituted a fixed yearly tribute instead of irregular contributions. Commerce, however, was furthered by this king's monetary reforms, and by his improvement of the road-system in Persia. He adopted the bimetallic coinage which Croesus had introduced in Lydia; and the chief piece of gold money was always known in Greece by his Persian 1 Please state the Numbers required Now Ready. Numbers 1 to 20. Price 3d. each MACMILLAN'S Official Drawing Books London MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY CONTENTS Standard I. (1) Easy Patterns and Familiar Objects on Squared Paper; * Not required from girls. Geometrical Drawing FOR ARMY AND NAVY CANDIDATES AND PUBLIC SCHOOL CLASSES BY. EDMUND C. PLANT, C.B. INSTRUCTOR IN GEOMETRICAL AND MECHANICAL DRAWING, MILITARY SIDE, Volume I. PRACTICAL PLANE GEOMETRY With an Appendix on the Construction of Scales London MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY All rights reserved PREFACE THE great value of a course of instruction in Geometrical Drawing in all schools, is now fully recognized in this country. It has a double educational value: first on account of the facilities it offers for acquiring a practical knowledge of geometrical constructions, and second on account of the training it gives in habits of neatness and exactness: points of the highest importance, which are too frequently overlooked in early training. The want of a text-book which systematically classifies the many hundreds of geometrical problems that require solution, and at the same time presents in its diagrams examples of finished mechanical draftmanship, has long been felt. From the very high average of marks obtained in the various public examinations, which has resulted from the teaching of this subject under the system of grouping of problems herein set forth, I am induced to offer this work, in the hope that it may be found of value, both to teachers in instructing large sets or classes, and also to individual students. It is also hoped that it will enable the latter to make rapid progress when the assistance of a teacher cannot readily be obtained. An additional reason for presenting this work at this particular time is that under the new conditions for admission to Woolwich and Sandhurst a certain amount of Solid and Descriptive Geometry has to be prepared, full instructions on which are given in Volume II. of this work. In order that the student may have before him a standard of draftmanship which he may readily reach, the diagrams of this work are from photographs of drawings made by the author and his assistants. INTRODUCTION. CONTENTS EDMD. C. PLANT. GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS IN GROUPS A. Elementary problems, including the construction of angles by protractor scale and scale of chords. B. The construction of simple rectilinear figures of three or four sides. C. To inscribe circles and semicircles in simple rectilinear figures. D. To inscribe any regular polygon in a circle. E. To describe any regular polygon about a circle. F. To construct any regular polygon when the length of one of its sides or of a diagonal is given. G. To inscribe x equal circles or semicircles in a circle; also to describe x equal circles about a circle. H. To inscribe z equal circles or semicircles in a regular polygon. Also to describe x equal circles about a regular polygon. I. To inscribe a circle in all the figures capable of containing it. J. To inscribe a square in all the figures capable of containing it. K. To inscribe an equilateral triangle in all the figures capable of containing it. L. The construction of angles without the use of a protractor scale or scale of chords. M. Proportional lines and their application. N. The construction of irregular polygons and their reduction to squares of equal area. O. The construction of segments and sectors of circles capable of containing P. To divide circles and rectilinear figures into equal or proportional areas. R. Straight lines tangenital to given circles, and circles tangenital to given S. Circles tangenital to given circles; also to given lines and circles in combination. T. To draw a figure similar to a given figure x times its area. U. To draw any rectilinear figure of a given area. V. To draw a triangle or parallelogram of a given altitude or base and having its area equal to that of a given figure. W. To draw a figure equal in area to the sum or difference of the areas of two or more given figures. X. The construction of the ellipse and its tangents. Y. The construction of various geometrical curves. APPENDIX The construction of scales. application Now Ready. Globe 8vo. Part I., 2s. 6d. ; Part II., 4s. 6d. PRACTICAL Plane and Solid Geometry WITH AN INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHIC STATICS BY J. HARRISON, M.INST. M.E., ETC. WHITWORTH SCHOLAR INSTRUCTOR IN MECHANICS AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY, ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, LONDON AND G. A. BAXANDALL ASSISTANT INSTRUCTOR, ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, LONDON PART I.-ELEMENTARY ADAPTED TO THE ELEMENTARY STAGE OF THE SOUTH KENSINGTON SYLLABUS Applications for Specimen Copies will be considered ADAPTED TO THE ADVANCED STAGE OF THE London MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY |