and consider any arguments which have been adduced in its favour.

3. Explain the distinction drawn by Mansel between Psychology and Ontology, and the relation which he believes to exist between them.

4. What reason have we, according to Mansel, to believe in material reality, as distinguished from the appearances of the senses? Comment on his

theory.

5. Butler maintains that "men have various appetites, passions, and particular affections, quite distinct both from self-love and from benevolence;" and again, that "all particular appetites and passions are towards external things themselves, distinct from the pleasure arising from them." Mill, on the other hand, observes that "desiring a thing and finding it pleasant, aversion to it and thinking of it as painful, are phenomena entirely inseparable, or rather two parts of the same phenomenon; in strictness of language, two different modes of naming the same psychological fact." State and discuss the question raised in these extracts.

6. Mention what appear to you to be the leading features in Kant's ethical philosophy.

7. What are the principal points of difference between the older Utilitarianism say of Bentham or

of Mill - and the "rational Utilitarianism" of Herbert Spencer?

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.-PART I.

Professor Andrew.

Candidates may not answer each of two alternative questions.

Candidates must shew some knowledge in each division of the paper and a satisfactory knowledge in two divisions.

DYNAMICS.

1. Define Stress, Strain, Action at a distance. Explain the last.

or 1. How are forces measured? Define Component, Resolved Part, Resultant.

2. During an earthquake at Tokio the greatest horizontal acceleration of bodies rigidly attached to the earth's surface was observed to be 16·4 mm. per second, in a second, "shewing that such bodies must have experienced a horizontal force equal to about one six-hundredth of their own weight." Prove this.

or 2. What is meant by centrifugal force? Illustrate your explanation by a practical example. What is the effect of this force on the weight of bodies? Illustrate your answer by a toy.

3. Describe and explain the action and use of the essential parts of a clock. Describe also the mode of connecting it with a chronograph, so as to get a linear measure of intervals of time.

or 3. What is meant hy stored or accumulated energy?

D

Describe an experiment shewing that in a rotating body it depends upon the distribution of mass relative to the axis of rotation.

4. Describe Pascal's Press. What principle does it illustrate? How was it improved by Bramah?

or 4. Describe the construction, principle, and use of the Siphon.

5. Describe the construction, principle, and use of the Aneroid Barometer or of any form of Hydro

meter.

HEAT.

6. Heat is not matter. How was this first demonstrated? Describe a laboratory experiment illustrating the same statement.

or 6. Describe the construction and mode of using a maximum and a minimum thermometer for registering atmospheric temperatures.

7. What is meant by the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat? If 1,120 units of heat (lb., deg. Fahr.) are used in raising a ton, to what height is it lifted?

8. Describe Conduction of Heat, and illustrate your answer by the Davy Lamp.

or 8. Describe Convection of Heat. Pure water and fluid starch are heated to the same temperature. Which will cool more rapidly? Why?

9. What is Latent Heat of .Liquefaction? Give a

general explanation of the action of freezing mixtures, with an example.

or 9. Explain the existence and direction of the trade and the counter trade winds.

MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY.

10. How are lines of force in a horizontal section of a magnetic field exhibited? Also define the phrases.

in italics.

or 10. Write brief notes on Navigation as affected by the Earth's Magnetism.

11. The knob of a gold-leaf Electroscope is rubbed with flannel, and the leaves diverge. A polished glass rod is rubbed with flannel, and then brought near to the knob, and the divergence increases. Explain fully.

or 11. Give the origin, construction, and use of the Leyden Jar; also the mode of using the dissected jar, and the inference to be drawn.

12. Describe experiments which illustrate the

(a)

or (b)

Heating and luminous effects
Duration and energy

of the electric discharge.

13. State Ampère's rule, and illustrate it by the multiplying astatic-needle galvanometer.

or 13. Describe the construction of the Rheotome, and any use of the instrument.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.-PART II.

Professor Andrew.

Candidates may not answer each of two alternative questions.

Candidates must shew some knowledge in each division of the paper, and a satisfactory knowledge in two divisions.

DYNAMICS.

1. Give Newton's definition of "Force." What is a uniform force? Force in any direction is space rate of change of kinetic energy in that direction, and also is time rate of change of momentum in that direction. Comment on these statements in the case of a uniform force P acting from rest for time t upon mass M. or 1. Explain why the phrase "Centre of Gravity" is inaccurate. The mass of a ballistic pendulum with a wooden block in the hollow bob is 44.1 lbs., and it balances on an edge at distance 49.97 inches from the axis of suspension, and the centre of the bob is 58.5 inches from the axis. When the block, which weighs 7,700 grains, is removed find the displacement of the C. of G.

2. Describe the construction, principle, and use of the heavy steel yard. Shew how to graduate it, and prove that the graduations are of equal lengths. or 2. In an Attwood's machine the masses at the ends of the string are 63 and 65. The greater descends from rest for 2 secs., and each describes 4 divisions of the vertical scale. What is the