NOTE 1. The poets sometimes elide au in the verbal endings μai, σαι, ται, and σθαι. So οι in οἴμοι, and rarely in μοι.

NOTE 2. The prepositions repi and pó, the conjunction or, that, and datives in of the third declension, are not elided in Attic Greek. The form or' stands for ore, when.

NOTE 3. The poets sometimes cut off a short vowel even before a consonant. Thus in Homer we find ǎp, av, кáт, and wáp, for åpa, åvá, Katá, and rapá. In composition, náт assimilates its T to a following consonant and drops it before two consonants ; as κάββαλε and κάκτανε, for κατέβαλε and κατέκτανε ;—but κατθανεῖν for καταθανεῖν (§ 15, 1).

NOTE 4. Elision is often neglected in prose, especially by certain writers (as Thucydides). Others (as Isocrates) are more strict in its use.

MOVABLE CONSONANTS.

§ 13. 1. Most words ending in σ, and all verbs of the third person ending in ɛ, add when the next word begins with a vowel. This is called v movable.

E.g.

Πᾶσι δίδωσι ταῦτα; but πᾶσιν ἔδωκεν ἐκεῖνα. So δίδωσί μοι ; but δίδωσιν ἐμοί.

movable, like third persons in σt.

NOTE 1. 'Eori takes The Epic ké (for av) adds before a vowel. The enclitic vúv has an Epic form vú. Many adverbs in -Оev (as πрóσdev) have poetic forms in -0€.

NOTE 2. N movable may be added at the end of a sentence or of a line of poetry. It may be added even before a consonant in poetry, to make position (§ 19, 2).

2. Ov, not, becomes our before a smooth vowel, and oux before a rough vowel ; as οὐκ αὐτός, οὐχ οὗτος. Μή inserts κ in μηκ-έτι, no longer, (like οὐκέτι).

'Ek, from, becomes i (irs) before a vowel; as Ek tóλɛws, but ἐξ ἄστεος.

3. Ouтws, thus, and some other words may drops before a consonant ; as οὕτως ἔχει, οὕτω δοκεῖ.

METATHESIS AND SYNCOPE.

§ 14. 1. Metathesis is the transposition of two letters in a word; as in κράτος and κάρτος, strength; θάρσος and θράσος, courage. (See § 109, 7, a.)

2. Syncope is the omission of a vowel from the middle of a word; as in πατέρος, πατρός (§ 57); πτήσομαι for πετήσομαι (§ 109, 7, b).

NOTE 1. When μ is brought before p or λ by syncope or metathesis, it is strengthened by inserting B; as peonμßpía, midday, for μεσημερια (μέσος and ἡμέρα); μέμβλωκα, Epic perfect of βλώσκω, go, from stem μολ-, μλο- (μλω-, § 109, 1), με-μλω-κα, μέμβλωκα. At the beginning of a word such a u is dropped before B; as in Bpoτós, mortal, from stem μop-, μpo- (cf. Lat. morior, die), μẞpo-тos, Вpoτós; so Bairro take honey, from stem μeλer- of μedi, honey (cf. Latin mel), by syncope μλιτ-, μβλιτ-, βλιτ-, βλίττω (§ 108, IV.).

NOTE 2. So is inserted after in the oblique cases of ȧvýp, man (§ 57, 2), when the is brought by syncope before p; as ȧvdpós for ἀνέρος, άνρος.

EUPHONY OF CONSONANTS.

15. 1. A rough consonant (§ 6, 2) is never doubled; but π, кỵ, and 70 are always written for pp, XX, and 00. Thus Σαπφώ, Βάκχος, κατθανεῖν, not Σαφφώ, Βάχχος, καθθανεῖν (§ 12, N. 3). So in Latin, Sappho, Bacchus.

2. Initial p is doubled when a vowel precedes it in forming a compound word; as in ἀναρρίπτω (ανά and ῥίπτω). So after the syllabic augment; as in ἔρριπτον (imperfect of ῥίπτω). But after a diphthong it remains single; as in poos, εύρους.

§ 16. The following rules apply chiefly to euphonic changes made in the final consonant of a stem in adding the endings, especially in forming and inflecting the tenses of verbs:

1. Before a lingual mute (7, d, 0), a labial or palatal mute must be of the same order (§ 6, Note), and another lingual must be changed to σ. E.g.

Τέτριπται (for τετριβεται), δέδεκται (for δεδεχεται), πλεχθῆναι (for πλεκ-θηναι, ἐλείφθην (for ἐλειπ-θην), γράβδην (for γραφ-δην). Πέπεισται (πεπειθ-ται), ἐπείσθην ἐπειθ-θην), ήσται (δ-ται), ἴστε (ἰδ-τε).

NOTE 1. 'EK, from, in composition retains unchanged; as in ἐκ-δρομή, ἔκθεσις.

NOTE 2. No combinations of different mutes, except those here included and those mentioned in § 15, 1, are allowed in Greek. Wien any such arise, the first mute is dropped ; as in πέπεικα (for πεπειθ-κα). When γ stands before κ or x, as in συγ-χέω (σύν and χέω), it is not a mute but a nasal (§ 6, 1).

2. No mute can stand before σ except π and n (in ψ and ξ). B and φ become m before σ; γ and x become κ; τ, δ, and θ are dropped. E.g.

Τρίψω (for τριβ-σω), γράψω (for γραφ-σω), λέξω (for λεγ-σω), πείσω (for πειθ-σω), ᾄσω (for ᾄδ-σω), σώμασι (for σωματ-σι), ἐλπίσι (for ἐλπιδ-σι). Το φλέψ (for φλεβ-ς), ἐλπίς (for ἐλπιδ-ς), νύξ (for νυκτ-ς). See examples under § 46, 2.

3. Before μ, a labial mute (π, β, φ) becomes μ; a palatal mute (κ, χ) becomes y; and a lingual mute (τ, δ, θ) becomes σ. E.g.

Λέλειμμαι (for λελειπ-μαι), τέτριμμαι (for τετριβ-μαι), γέγραμμαι (for γεγραφ-μαι), πέπλεγμαι (for πεπλεκ-μαι), τέτευγμαι (fur τετευχ-μαι), ᾆσμαι (for ᾠδ-μαι), πέπεισμαι (for πεπειθ-μαι.

NOTE. When γγμ or μμμ would thus arise, they are shortened to γu or μμ; as ἐλέγχω, ἐλήλεγομαι (for ἐληλεγχομαι, ἐληλεγγομαι); κάμπτω, κέκυμμαι (for κεκαμπ-μαι, κεκαμμ-μαι); πέμπω, πέπεμμαι (for πεπεμπ-μαι, πεπεμμ-μαι). (See § 97, N. 2.)

Ἐκ here also remains unchanged, as in ἐκ-μανθάνω.

4. In passive and middle endings, σ is dropped between two consonants. E.g.

Λέλειφθε (for λελειπ-σθε, § 16, 1), γέγραφε (for γεγραφ-σθε), γεγράφθαι (for γεγραφ-σθαι), πεφάνθαι (for πεφαν-σθαι).

NOTE. In the verbal endings oa and oo, σ is often dropped after a vowel ; as in λυε-σαι, λύεαι, λύῃ, οι λύει (§ 9, 4, N. 1). Stems in εσ

.

of the third declension also drop σ before a vowel or another σ. (See § 52, 1, Note.)

5. Before a labial mute (π, β, φ) ν becomes μ; before a

palatal mute (x, y, x) it becomes y (§ 6, 1). E.g.

Ἐμπίπτω (for ἐν πιπτω), συμβαίνω (for συν-βαινω), ἐμφανής (for ἐν-φανης). Συγχέω (for συν-χεω), συγγενής (for συν-γενης).

6. Before another liquid r is changed to that liquid ; before σ it is generally dropped and the preceding vowel is lengthened (ε το ει, ο το ου). E.g.

Ελλείπω (for ἐν-λειπω), ἐμμένω (for ἐν-μενω), συρρέω (for συν-ρεω). Μέλας (for μελαν-ς), εἷς (for ev-s), λύουσι (for λυο-νσι, § 112, 2, Note). So ἔσπεισμαι (from σπένδω), for ἐσπενδ-μαι, ἐσπενσ-μαι (§ 16, 3).

NOTE 1. The combinations ντ, νδ, νθ, are often dropped together before σ (§ 16, 2 and 6), and the preceding vowel is lengthened, as above (§ 16, 6); as πᾶσι (for παντ-σι), γίγας (for γιγαντς), λέουσι (for λεοντ-σι), τιθεῖσι (dat. plur. for τιθεντ-σι), τιθείς (for τιθεντ-ς), δούς (for δοντας), σπείσω (for σπενδ-σω), λύουσα (for λυοντ-σα), λυθεῖσα (for λυθεντ-σα), πᾶσα (for παντ-σα).

ΝΟΤΕ 2. N standing alone before σ of the dative plural is dropped without lengthening the vowel ; as δαίμοσι (for δαιμον-σι). Compare πᾶσι (for παντ-σι), Ν. 1.

So mr in adjectives in eis, but never in participles ; as χαρίεσι (for χαριεντ-σι); but τιθεῖσι, as given above.

ΝΟΤΕ 3. The preposition ev is not changed before σ, p, or (. Σúv becomes ovσ- before σ and a vowel, but ov- before σ and a consonant or before ζ. Thus, ἐνράπτω, σύσσιτος, σύζυγος.

NOTE 4. Some verbs in vo change v to σ before pa in the perfect middle (§ 109, 6, Note), as φαίνω, πέφασ-μαι (for πεφαν-μαι) ; and the v reappears and is retained before σa in the second person, as in πέφαν-σαι. (See § 97, 4, with N. 2).

7. The following changes occur when t, representing an original j of the root ja (pronounced ya), follows the final consonant of a stem.

(α) Palatals (κ, γ, χ) and rarely other mutes with such an i become σσ (later Attic rr); as φυλάσσω (stem φυλακ-) for φυλακ-ι-ω ; ἥσσων, worse, for ἡκ-ι-ων (§ 73) ; τάσσω (ταγ-), for ταγ-ι-ω; ἐλάσσων, less, for ἐλαχ-ι-ων (comp. of μικρός, § 73); ταράσσω (ταραχ-), for ταραχ-ι-ω; κορύσσω (κορυθ-), for κορυθ-ι-ω.

し

(3) Δ (sometimes y or γγ) with forms ζ; as φράζω (φραδ-), for Φραδ-ι-ω ; κομίζω (κομιδ-), for κομιδ-ι-ω ; κράζω (κραγ-), for κραγ-ιω ; μέζων (Ion.) or μείζων (comp. of μέγας, great), for μεγ-ι-ων (§ 73).

เ

(c) A with forms λλ; as μâλλov, more (comp. of μáλ-a), for μαλ-ι-ον ; στέλλω (στελ-), for στελ-ι-ω; ἄλλο-μαι (λ), leap, for a-i-opai (cf. Lat. salio); aλλos, other, for åλ--os (cf. Lat. alius).

(d) N and p with undergo metathesis (§ 14, 1), and is then contracted with the preceding vowel; as pair-w (pav-), for pav-i-w (cf. Lat. fug-i-o from stem fug-); reiv-w (Tev-), for rev-i-w; åμeivwv (ἀμεν-), better, for ἀμεν-ι-ων; χείρων (stem χερ-), worse, for χερ-ι-ων (§ 73); κεί-ρω (κερ-), for κερ-ι-ω; κρίνω (κριν-), for κρίν-ι-ω (i becoming ῖ) ἀμύνω (αμυν-), for ἀμύν-ι-ω ; σύρω for συρ-ι-ω (υϊ becoming i). Το μέλαινα (fem. of μέλας, black, stem μελαν-), for μελαν-ι-α (§ 67); σώτειρα (fem, of σωτήρ, saving, saviour, stem σωτερ-), for

σωτερι-α.

§ 17. 1. When a smooth mute (π, K, T) is brought before a rough vowel (either by elision or in forming a compound word), it is itself made rough. E.g.

Αφίημι (for ἀπ-ημι), καθαιρέω (for κατ-αἱρεω), ἀφ ̓ ὧν (for ἀπὸ ὧν), νύχθ' ὅλην (for νυκτα ὅλην, § 12, 1 ; § 16, 1).

So in crasis, where the rough breathing may affect even a consonant not immediately preceding it. See examples in § 11, 2.)

NOTE. The Ionic dialect does not observe this principle, but has (for example) απ' οὗ, ἀπίημι (from ἀπό and ἵημι).

2. In reduplications (§ 101, 1) an initial rough mute is always made smooth, to avoid two rough consonants in successive syllables. E.g.

Πέφυκα (for φεφυκα), perfect of φύω; κέχηνα (for χεχηνα), perf. of χάσκω ; τέθηλα (for θεθηλα), perf' of θάλλω. So in τίθημι (for θι-θημι), § 121, 3.

NOTE. A similar change takes place in a few verbs which originally had two rough consonants in the stem; as τρέφω (stem τρεφ for θρεφ-), nourish, fut θρέψω, aor. pass. ἐθρέφθην ; τρέχω (τρεχ- for θρεχ-) run, fut. θρέξομαι ; ἐτάφην, from θάπτω (ταφ- for θαφ-), bury ; see also punto, rúpo, and stem (OaT-), in the Catalogue of Verbs. So in ἐτύθην (for ἐθυθην) from θύω, and ἐτέθην (for ἐθεθην) from τίθημι. So in Opig, hair, gen. тpixos (stem Tpx- for Opix-); and in raxús, swift, comparative θάσσων (for θαχειων, § 16, 7, α). Here the initial freppears whenever the second aspirate is lost.

3. The ending 0 of the first aorist imperative passive becomes Tɩ after On- of the tense stem (§ 116, 3); as λú0ŋtɩ (for λυθη-θι).