̓́Αγω, lead, ἦγον, ἤχθην ; ἐλαύνω, drive, ἤλαυνον ; ἱκετεύω(ι), implore, ἱκέτευον(ῖ), ἱκέτευσα(ῖ); ὀνειδίζω, reproach, ὠνείδιζον ; ὑβρίζω, insult, ὑβρί σθην(5); ἀκολουθέω, accompany, ἠκολούθησα; ὀρθόω, erect, ώρθωσα.

For the augment of verbs beginning with a diphthong, see § 103.

NOTE 1. If the initial vowel is already long, no change takes place in it, except that a generally becomes 7 by augment; as ἀθλέω (αθ- contr. from ἀεθ-), struggle, ἤθλησα. Both @ and η are found in ἀναλίσκω and ἀναλύω ; see also αίω (poetic), hear.

NOTE 2. Βούλομαι, wish, δύναμαι, be able, and μέλλω, intend, often add the temporal augment to the syllabic ; as ἐβουλόμην or ἠβουλόμην, ἐβουλήθην or ἠβουλήθην ; ἐδυνάμην or ἠδυνάμην, ἐδυνήθην οἱ ἠδυνήθην; ἔμελλον οι ἤμελλον.

NOTE 3. The second aorist active and middle in all the moods and the participle sometimes has a reduplication in Homer; as πέφραδον from φράζω, tell; πέπιθον from πείθω (πιθ.), persuade τεταρπόμην (§ 109, 4, Ν. 1) from τέρπω, delight; κεκλόμην and κεκλόμενος (§ 109, 7, b) fromn κέλομαι. command, ἤραρον frorn ἀραρίσκω (αρ-), join ; ὤρορον from ὄρνυμι (όρ-), rouse ; πεπαλών (partic.) from πάλλω (πάλ-), shake ; κεκάμω (subj.) from κάμνω (καμ-), 30 λελάχω from λαγχάνω ; πεφιδέσθαι, inf. from φείδομαι (φίδ-), spare, so λελαθέσθαι, λε-λαβέσθαι. In the indicative a syllabic augment may be prefixed to the reduplication ; as ἐκεκλόμην, ἔπεφνον (from φεν-), ἐπέφραδον.

NOTE 4. "Ayw, lead, has a second aorist with Attic reduplication (§ 102), ἤγαγον (ἀγ-αγ-), which adds the temporal augment in the indicative, subj. ἀγάγω, opt. ἀγάγοιμι, inf. ἀγαγεῖν, part. ἀγαγών ; mid. ἠγαγόμην, ἀγαγώμαι, &c.-all in Attic prose. See also the aorists ἤνεγκα and ἤνεγκον (from stem ένεκα, ἐν-ενεκ-, ένεγκ-) of φέρω ; and ἄλαλκον (for ἀλ-αλεκ-ον) of ἀλέξω, κard of. See also ένας το

ρ

NOTE 5. In Homer a liquid (especially λ) may be doubled like (§ 15, 2), after the augmente; as ἔλλαχον for ἔλαχον. So sometimes σ; as ἐσσείοντο from σείω.

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect.

§ 101. 1. Most verbs beginning with a consonant augment the perfect and future perfect in all their forms by prefixing that consonant followed by e. This is called reduplication.

E.g.

Λύω, λέ-λυκα, λέ-λυμαι, λε-λυκέναι, λελυκώς, λελυμένος ; γράφω, γέ γραφα, γεγράφθαι. ο θύω, sacrifice, τέ-θυκα (§ 17, 2); φαίνω (φάν-), *. πέ-φασμαι (§ 13, Ν. 2); χαίνω, gape, κέ-χηνα.

NOTE. Five verbs have e as augment in the perfect instead of the reduplication ; λαγχάνω (λαχ-), obtain by lot, εἴληχα, εἴληγμαι; λαμβάνω (λαβ-), take, εἴληφα, εἴλημμαι (poet. λέλημμαι) ; λέγω, collect, in compos., -εἴλοχα, -εἴλεγμαι with -λέλεγμαι (δια-λέγομαι, discuss, has δι-είλεγμαι); μείρομαι (μερ-), obtain part, εἵμαρται, it is fated; stem (ῥε-), εἴρηκα, have said, εἴρημαι, fut. pf. εἰρήσομαι (see εἶπον).

An irregular reduplication appears in Homeric δείδοικα and δείδια, from δείδω, fear.

2. Verbs beginning with two consonants (except a mute and a liquid), with a double consonant (ζ, ξ, ψ), or with p ρ have the simple syllabic augment e in all forms of the perfect and future perfect. E.g.

Στέλλω, send, ἔσταλκα; ζητέω, seek, ἐζήτηκα; ψεύδω, lie, ἔψευσμαι, ἐψευσμένος ; ῥίπτω, throw, ἔρριμμαι, ἐρρίφθαι (for pp see § 15, 2).

NOTE 1. Verbs beginning with yv, and some others beginning with a mute and a liquid, take e instead of the reduplication; as γνωρίζω, recognize, ἐγνώρικα; γιγνώσκω (γνο-), know, ἔγνωκα ; but κλείω, shut, κέκλεικα (regularly).

Νοτε 2. Μιμνήσκω (μνα-), remind, has μέμνημαι (memini), remem ber ; and κτάομαι, acquire, has both κέκτημαι and ἔκτημαι, possess. See also Homer pf. pass. of ῥίπτω and ῥυπόω.

3. Verbs beginning with a short vowel have the temporal augment in all forms of the perfect and future perfect. E.g.

*Αγω, lead, ήχα, ἦγμαι, ἠγμένος; ἀκολουθέω, follow, ἠκολούθηκα, ἠκολουθηκέναι ; ὀρθόω, erect, ώρθωμαι; ὁρίζω, bound, ὥρικα, ὥρισμαι ; ἀτιμόω, dishonour, ἠτίμωκα, ἠτίμωμαι, fut. pf, ἠτιμώσομαι; the tut. pf. is very rare in verbs which have the temporal augment.

4. When the perfect has the reduplication, the pluperfect generally prefixes to this the syllabic augment e. But when the perfect has the syllabic augment e (or e) or the temporal augment, the pluperfect and the perfect are augmented alike. E.g.

Λύω, λέλυκα, ἐλελύκειν, λέλυμαι, ἐλελύμην; στέλλω, ἔσταλκα, ἐστάλκειν, ἔσταλμαι, ἐστάλμην; λαμβάνω, εἴληφα, εἰλήφειν ; ἀγγέλλω, announce, ἤγγελκα, ἠγγέλκειν, ἤγγελμαι, ἠγγέλμην.

NOTE. The reduplicated pluperfect sometimes omits the additional syllabic augment ; as πεπόνθεσαν, πεπτώκεσαν.

Attic Reduplication.

§ 102. Some verbs beginning with a, e, or o augment the perfect and pluperfect by prefixing their first two letters to the common temporal augment. This is called the Attic reduplication. E.g.

̓Αρόω, plough, ἀρ-ήρομαι ; ἐμέω, vomit, ἐμήμεκα; ἐλέγχω, prove, ἐλήλεγμαι, ἐληλέγμην ; ἐλαύνω (έλα-) drive, ἐλήλακα, ἐλήλαμαι; ἀκούω, hear, ακήκοα (§ 110, IV. d, N. 1).

Other verbs which have the Attic reduplication are ἀγείρω, ἀλείφω, ἀλέω, εγείρω, ἐρείδω, ἔρχομαι, ἐσθίω, ὄλλυμι, ὄμνυμι, ὀρύττω, φέρω. See also, for Ionic or poetic forms, αἱρέω, ἀλάομαι, ἀλυκτέω, ἀραρίσκω, ἐρείπω, ἔχω, ἠμύω, (όδυ-) ὀδώδυσμαι, ὅζω, δράω (ὅπωπα), ὀρέγω, ὄρνυμι. The Attic reduplication (so called by the Greek grammarians) is not peculiarly Attic, and is found in Homer.

NOTE 1. Εγείρω (ἐγερ-), rouse, has 2 perf. ἐγρήγορα (for ἐγ-ηγορ-α, cf. § 109, 3), but ἐγήγερμαι. For the Attic reduplication in ἤγαγον, 2 aor. of ἄγω, in ἤνεγκα and ἤνεγκον of φέρω, and in Homeric ἄλαλκον of ἀλέξω, see § 100, 2, Ν. 4.

NOTE 2. The pluperfect rarely takes an augment in addition to the Attic reduplication. But ἀκούω, hear, ἀκήκοα, generally has ἠκηκούειν in Attic; and ἀπωλώλει (of ἀπόλλυμι, ἀπό-λωλα), ὠμωμόκει (of ὄμνυμι, ομωμοκα), and δι-ωρώρυκτο (of διορύσσω, δι-ορώρυγμαι) occur in Attic prose. See Homeric pluperfects of lavvo and ἐρείδω.

Augment of Diphthongs

§ 103. Verbs beginning with a diphthong take the temporal augment on the first vowel of the diphthong, a or a becoming n, of becoming . E.g.

Αἰτέω, ask, ᾔτησα; οἰκέω, dwell, ᾤκησα, ᾠκημένος ; αὐξάνω, increase, ηὔξησα, ηΰξημαι, ηὐξήθην ; ᾄδω, sing, ᾔδον.

NOTE. Ou is never augmented. E and ev are generally without augment; but MSS. and editors differ in regard to many forms, as εἴκασα or ᾤκασα (εἰκάζω, liken), εἶδον or ηὗδον (εύδω, sleep), εὕρηκα and εὑρέθην οι ηὕρηκα and ηὑρέθην (εὑρίσκω, find), εὐξάμην οι ηὐξάμην (εὔχομαι, pray). Editions vary also in the augment of αναίνω, dry, and of some verba beginning with qu, as οἰακοστροφέω, steer.

Syllabic Augment before a Vowel.

When ε

§ 104. Some verbs beginning with a vowel take the syllabic augment as if they began with a consonant. follows the augment, ɛɛ is contracted into ɛ. E.g.

Ωθέω (ὠθ-), push, ἕωσα, ἔωσμαι; ἐώσθην; ἁλίσκομαι, be captured, ἑάλωκα, 2 aor. ξάλων (οι ήλων); ἄγνυμι (ἀγ.), break, ἔαξα, 2 pf. ἐάγα ; ἔρδω, do, Ionic, 2 pf. ἔοργα; ὠνέομαι, buy, ἐωνούμην, &c.; ἐθίζω, accustom, εἴθισα, εἴθικα from (ἐεθ-); ἐάω, permit, εἴᾶσα, εἴακα.

These verbs are, further, ελίσσω, ἕλκω, ὅπως ἐργάζομαι, ἔρπω οι ἑρπύζω, ἑστιάω, ἔχω, ἵημι (έ-), with the aorists εἶδον and εἷλον (αἱρέω), the perfects εἴωθα (ἔθω-) and ἔοικα (εἰκ-), and plpf. εἱστήκειν (for ἑεστ-) of ἵστημι. See also Ionic and poetic forms under ἁνδάνω, ἅπτω, εἴδομαι, εἴλω, εἶπον, εἴρω, ἔλπω, ἔννυμι, ἵζω, and ἕζομαι.

NOTE 1. Οράω, see, and ἀν-οίγω, open, generally take the temporal augment after the syllabic; as ἑώρων, ἑώρακα (or ἑώρακα), ἑώραμαι ; ἀν-έργον, ἀν-έωξα (rarely ἤνοιγον, ἤνοιξα, § 105, Ν. 3). Homer has ἑήνδανον from άνδάνω, please ; ἐνοχόει imp. of οἰνοχοέω, pour wine ; and 2 plpf. ἐλπει and εώργει from ἔλπω and ἔρδω. Εορτάζω, keep holiday (Hdt. ὁρτάζω) has Attic imp. ἑώρταζον.

NOTE 2. This form of augment is explained on the supposition that these verbs originally began with the consonant F or some other consonant, which was afterwards dropped : thus εἶδον, saw, is for ἐπιδον (cf. Latin vid-i); čopya is for FeFopya, from stem Fepy- (§ 110, IV. d), cf. Eng. work (German werk) ; and ἕρπω, creep, is fpr στερπω (cf. Latin serpo).

Augment of Compound Verbs.

§ 105. 1. In compound verbs the augment follows the preposition. Prepositions (except περί and πρό) drop a final vowel before the augment e. E.g.

Προσ-γράφω, προσ-έγραφον, προσγέγραφα; εἰσ-άγω, εἰσήγον (§ 26, Ν. 1) ; ἐκ-βάλλω, ἐξ-έβαλλον (§ 13, 2); συλ-λέγω, συν-έλεγον ; συμ-πλέκω, συν-έπλεκον (§ 16, 6) ; συγχέω, συνέχεον (§ 16, 6, Ν. 3) ; συσκευάζω, συν-εσκεύαζον ; ἀπο-βάλλω, ἀπ-έβαλλον ;—but περιέβαλλον and προ-έλεγον.

NOTE 1. Πρό may be contracted with the augment; as προϋλεγον and προὔβαινον, for προέλεγον and προέβαινον.

NOTE 2. Some verbs not themselves compounds, but derived from nouns or adjectives compounded with prepositions, are aug

mented after the preposition ; as ὑποπτεύω (from ὕποπτος), suspect, ὑπώπτευον, as if the verb were from ὑπό and ὀπτεύω ; ἀπολογέομαι, defend one's self, ἀπ-ελογήσαμην; see also ἐκκλησιάζω. Παρανομέω, transgress law, παρηνόμουν, &c. is very irregular. Κατηγορέω (from κατήγορος), accuse, has κατηγόρουν (not ἐκατηγόρουν). See διαιτάω and διακονέω in the Catalogue of Verbs.

NOTE 3. A few verbs take the augment before the preposition, and others have both augments ; as καθέζομαι, sit, ἐκαθέζετο ; καθίζω, ἐκάθιζον ; καθεύδω, sleep, ἐκάθευδον and καθηΰδον (Ep. καθεῦδον) ; ἀνέχω, ἠνειχόμην, ἠνεσχόμην (οι ἠνσχόμην). See ἀφίημι, ἀμφιέννυμι, ἀμπισχνέομαι, ἐνοχλέω, and ἀμφισβητέω, dispute, ἠμφισβήτουν and ἠμφεσβήτουν (as if the last part were -σβητεω).

2. Indirect compounds of dvo-, ill, and occasionally those of ɛủ, well, are augmented after the adverb, if the following part begins with a vowel. E.g.

Δυσαρεστέω, be displeased, δυσηρέστουν; εὐεργετέω, do good, εὐηργέτηκα (οι εὐεργ-).

NOTE. In other cases, compounds of dvo- are augmented at the beginning, and those of ev generally omit the augment.

3. Other indirect compounds are augmented at the beginning.

Omission of Augment.

§ 106. 1. In the imperfect and aorist, the temporal augment is often omitted by Herodotus; as in ȧμeißero and ἀμείψατο (for ἠμείβετο and ἠμείψατο); and both temporal and syllabic augment by the Epic and Lyric poets, as in ὁμίλεον, εχον, δῶκε (for ὡμίλουν, εἶχον, ἔδωκε).

NOTE. The reduplication or augment of the perfect stem is very rarely omitted. But Homer has δέχαται for δέδεχαται, from δέχομαι, receive ; and Herodotus occasionally omits the temporal augment, as in καταρρώδηκας (for κατ-ηρρ-), and he makes ἐπαλιλλόγητο as plpf. of παλιλλογέω, repeat.

2. The Attic poets sometimes omit the augment in (lyric) choral passages, seldom in the dialogue of the drama. In Attic prose we have ἐχρῆν (impf. of χρή), must.