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middle; also in the perfect and first aorist active, except in the third person singular, where it is ε. In the pluperfect active it is at ; but in the third person plural it is e (rarely ει).

2. The personal endings of the indicative, as they appear in verbs in w united with the connecting vowels, are as follows:

I. ACTIVE.

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By adding these terminations to the unprolonged tense stems as they are given in $ 111, all the tenses of the indicative, except those included in § 112, 3, may be formed. The latter may be formed by adding the personal endings given in § 112, 2, directly to the tense stems.

NOTE 1. The endings oat and oo in the second person singular of the passive and middle drop σ after a connecting vowel (§ 16, 4, N.),

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and are then contracted with the connecting vowel (§ 9, 4. N. 1). Thus, λύῃ or λύει is for λύεσαι, λύεαι ; ἐλύου is for έλυεσο, ἐλύεο ; ἐλύσω (aor. middle) is for ἐλυσασο, ἐλύσαο. The uncontracted forms (without σ) are common in Ionic Greek (§ 119, 2).

NOTE 2. The second persons βούλει (of βούλομαι, wish), οἴει (of οἴομαι, think), and ὄψει (of ὄψομαι, fut. of δράω, see) have no forms in n.

NOTE 3. A first person dual in μelov is found very rarely in poetry ; as λελείμμεθον (pf. pass. of λείπω).

NOTE 4. The Attic writers sometimes have ʼn (contracted from the Ionic ea, § 119, 4) for eu in the first person singular of the pluperfect active, as ἐμεμαθήκη.

NOTE 5. In Homer Tov and σov are sometimes used for την and σony in the dual. This occurs rarely in the Attic poets, who sometimes have rŋy for Tov in the second person. The latter is found occasionallly even in prose.

Subjunctive.

§ 114. The subjunctive has the primary endings, with long connecting vowels, w, n, and n, for w (or o), ε, and ɛ of the indicative, as follows:—

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For the perfect subjunctive passive and middle see § 118, 1.

NOTE 1. The aorist passive subjunctive (both first and second), which does not omit the connecting vowel (§ 112, 3), has the active terminations (§ 114) contracted with finale of the stem; as λuté-w, λυθῶ ; φανέ-ῃς, φανῇς ; σταλέ-ῃ, σταλῇ,

NOTE 2. The subjunctive of verbs in ημι ard ωμι has the above terminations contracted with preceding e oro of the stem; εις τιθῶ (for τιθε-ω), διδῶμαι (for διδο-ωμαι), θώμεν and θῶνται (Ion. Déwμev and Oéwvrai). See § 122, N. 4; § 126, 7 (a).

Optative.

§ 115. The optative has the secondary personal endings (§ 112, 2), preceded by a modal sign or in (ie before final v of the third person plural).

1. Verbs in @ have connecting vwel o (in the first aorist active and middle a) in the optative. This is contracted with (or ɩɛ), maling oɩ or ai (viɛ or aiɛ). The first person singular active has the ending μ for v (§ 112, 2), except in some contract forms (see 4). Adding the endings we have

μι

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For periphrastic forms of the perfect optative see § 118, 1. For the aorist passive see below, 3.

2. In the present and second aorist middle of verbs in ημι and ωμι, the final vowel of the tense stem (a, ɛ, or o) is contracted with into aɩ, ε, or o, to which the simple endings μην, &c. are added ; as ἱστα-ι-μην, ἱσταί-μην ; θε-ι-μην, θείμην ; do--μny, doiμny. (See § 122, N. 4.) See also the cases of `ο-ι-μην, δοίμην. perfect optative middle in nμny, ûro, &c. in § 118, 1, Note.

3. The present and second aorist active of the μι form (§ 121, 1), and both aorists passive in all verbs have the ending in the first person singular and oav in the third person plural. Here the modal sign is in, with which a, ɛ, or o of the stem is contracted to ain, ein, or oin; as iora-ın-v, ἱσταίην ; στα-ιη-μεν, σταίημεν ; λυθε-ιη-ν, λυθείην ; δο-ι-ν, δοίην.

In the dual and plural, forms with for เท, and LEV for τησαν in the third person plural, are much more common than the longer forms; as σταῖμεν, σταῖεν, for σταίημεν, σταίησαν. (See § 123, 2.)

4. In the present active of contract verbs, forms in oŋy, oins, win (for 0-1-n, &c.) are more common in the singular than the regular forms in oui, viç, o (see 1), but less common

in the dual and plural: the third person plural in onoav is very rare.

Both the forms in oŋy and those in ou are contracted with a of the tense stem to την and φμι, and with e or o to οιην and οιμι ; as τιμα-ο-ιη-ν, τιμαοίην, τιμῴην ; φιλε-ο-ιη-ν, φιλεοίην, φιλοίην; δηλο-ο-ιη-ν, δηλοίην, δηλοίην ; τιμα-ο-ι-μι, τιμάοιμι, τιμῷμι; φιλε-ο-ί-μι, φιλέοιμι, φιλοῖμι ; δηλο-ο-ι-με, δηλόοιμι, δηλοῖμι. (Seé § 98.)

NOTE 1. A few verbs have ony in the second perfect optative; as ἐκπέφευγα, ἐκπεφευγοίην. The second aorist optative of ἔχω, have, is σχοίην (σχοιμι in composition).

NOTE 2. The Attic generally uses the Aeolic terminations ειας, ειε, and ειαν, for ais, αι, αιέν, in the aorist optative active. See λύω and φαίνω in § 96.

Imperative.

§ 116. 1. The personal endings of the imperative are as

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O is always dropped after a connecting vowel.

2. The regular connecting vowel of the imperative is e ; but before v it is o. In the aorist active and middle it is a. But the second person singular in the aorist active ends 01', and in the aorist middle in at. The endings united with the connecting vowels are as follows :—

α.

in

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3. The first aorist passive adds the ordinary active terminations (01, rw, &c.) directly to On of the tense stem, after which θι becomes τι (§ 17, 3); as λύθη-τι, λυθήτω, &c.

The second aorist passive adds the same terminations to n of the tense stem (0 being retained); as pávŋ-0i, pavý-τw ; στάλη-θι, σταλήτω, &c.

Both aorists have ε-v7wv in the third person plural.

NOTE.

(b) and (c).

For the form of the imperative in verbs in u see § 121, 2,

The Infinitive, Participle, and Verbal Adjectives.

§ 117. 1. The terminations of the infinitive of verbs in w (including connecting vowels) are as follows:

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All μ- forms add vai (act.) or obat (pass. and mid.) directly

μι

to the tense stem.

2. The stem of the active participle ends in vr (7 in the perfect), which is joined to the tense stem by o (a in the aorist); except in the aorist passive (§ 112, 1) and in μforms, which add vr directly to the stem.

The passive and middle participle ends in μενος (stem μενο-), which is preceded by o (a in the aorist middle); except in the perfect and in μ- forms, which add μevos directly to the

tense stem.

NOTE. Participial stems in vr add σa to form the stem of the feminine ; as λυοντ-σα, λύουσα ; ἱσταντ-σα, ἱστᾶσα ; λυθεντ-σα, λυθεῖσα. (§ 16, 5, N. 1.) Perfects in ós, óros (stem in r) have an irregular feminine in via. Participles in uevos form the feminine in μévŋ. For the declension of participles see §§ 62, 68, 69.

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