PART III.

FORMATION OF WORDS. .

§ 128. 1. (Simple and Compound Words.) A simple word is formed from a single stem; as λóyos (stem λɛɣ-), speech, ypάow (ypap-) write. A compound word is formed by combining two or more stems; as λογο-γράφος (λογο-, γραφ-), writer of speeches.

(a) When a noun

or

2. (Verbals and Denominatives.) adjective is formed directly from a root (§ 32, Note), or from a stem which appears as the stem of a verb, it is called a verbal or primitive; as åpxý (åpxa-), beginning, formed from ἀρχ-, stem of ἄρχω ; γραφεύς (γραφευ-), writer, γραφές (γραφιδ-), style (for writing), ypaμμń (ypaμμa- for ypaq-μa), line (3, Ν. 2), γράμμα (γραμματ-), written document, γραφικός (γραφικο-), able to write, all from ypap-, stem of ypápw, write; πoin-Týs, poet (maker), ποίησις, poesy, ποίημα, poem, ποιητικός, able to make, from Tol-, stem of Toiέw, make: so ciкn (dika-), justice, from the root di-, kaкós, bad, from kaк-. (See § 128, 3.)

(b) When a noun, adjective, or verb is formed from the stem of a noun or adjective, it is called a denominative or derivative; as Baoiλeia, kingdom, from Bariλe (v)- (§ 53, 3, Ν. 1); ἀρχαῖος, ancient, from αρχα- (stem of ἀρχή); δικαιοσύνη, justice, from δικαιο- ; τιμά-ω, honour, from τιμα-, stem of the noun τιμή.

NOTE. The name verbal is given to the primitive words in (a) because generally their root or stem actually occurs as a verb stem. This, however, does not show that the noun (or adjective) is derived from the verb, but merely that both have the same root or stem. The name applies even to nouns or adjectives derived from a verb stem which is itself derived from a noun stem (2, b); as avλnτýs, flute-player, from auλe, the stem of avλéw, play the flute; the latter, however, is formed from the stem of avλó-s, flute (§ 130, N. 2).

3. (Suffixes.) Roots or stems are developed into new stems by the addition of syllables (not themselves stems) called suffixes. Thus in § 128, 2, final a- in ȧpxa-, ɛv- in ypapɛv-, idin γραφιδα, μας in γραμμα, ματ- in γραμματ-, ικο- in γραφικο-,

&c. are suffixes.

NOTE 1. Rarely a noun stem has no suffix, and is identical with the verb stem ; as in φύλαξ, a guard, from stem φυλακ-, seen also in φυλάσσω, I guard (§ 108, IV.).

NOTE 2. The final consonant of a stem is subject to the same euphonic changes before a suffix as before an ending (§ 16); as in ypάu-ua for ypapμα (§ 16, 3), λέξις for λεγσις (§ 16, 2), δικαστής for δικαδ-της (§ 16, 1).

NOTE 3. A final vowel of the stem may be contracted with a vowel of the suffix; as in dpxaîos, ancient, from apxa- and 10-s (§ 129, 12). But such a vowel is sometimes dropped, as in oupáv-los, heavenly, from oupavoand lo-s, Baσi-ikós, kingly, from Baoλe(v)- and Ko-s. The vowel is sometimes changed: especially from o toe in denominative verbs (§ 130, N. 2), as in oiké-w, dwell (oiko-s, house),—cf. oiké-тns, house-servant, and oikeios (oike-los, § 129, 12), domestic ;-sometimes from a to w, as in σтρatiτης, soldier (στρατια-), Σικελιώτης, Sicilian (Σικελια-).

NOTE 4. Many vowel stems (especially verb stems) lengthen their final vowel before a consonant of the suffix, as in verbs (§ 109, 1) as woín-μa, ποίησις, ποιητικός, ποιητής, from ποιε-. Many add σ before μ and τ of a suffix, as in the perfect and aorist passive (§ 109, 2); as Keλev-O-TŃS, commander, κέλευ-σ-μα, command, from κελευ- (κελεύω), κεκέλευ-σ-μαι.

T

NOTE 5. In many verbal nouns and adjectives, especially those in os and 7, the interior vowel of the stem is lengthened or otherwise modified, as it is in the second perfect (§ 109, 3). A change of e to o is especially common. Thus Anon, forgetfulness, from λão- (cf. λéλnea); yóvos, offspring, from γεν- (cf. γέγονα) ; λοιπός, remaining, from λιπ- (cf. λέλοιπα) ; στοργή, affection, from στεργ- (cf. ἔστοργα); πομπή, sending, from πεμπ (cf. πέπομφα, § 109, 3, Ν. 2); τρόπος, turn, from τρεπ- ; φλόξ, fame, gen. φλογούς, from φλεγ-. So also in adverbs ; see συλ-λήβ- δην, § 129, 18 (7).

1 The root ypap- contains only the general idea write, not as yet developed into a noun, adjective, or verb. By adding a it becomes ypupa-, the stem of the noun ypapń, a writing, which stem is modified by caseendings to ypapa-i, ypapá-s, &c. (§ 45, 2, Note). By adding o ore (the so-called connecting-vowel, § 112, 4) it is developed into ypapo(e)-, the full form of the present stem of the verb ypápw, write, which is modified by personal endings to ypάpo-μev, we write, ypάpe-Te, you write, &c.

FORMATION OF SIMPLE WORDS.

I.-NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND ADVERBS.

§ 129. The chief suffixes by which the stems of nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are formed are as follows :—

NOUNS.

1. The simplest and most common suffixes are o- (nom. os or ov) and a- (nom. a or 7). Nouns thus formed have a great variety of meanings; as λóyo-s (λoy-o-), speech, from λéy- (stem of λéyw, § 128, 3, N. 5); páx-n (pax-a-), battle, from pay- (stem of μáxoμai, fight); Tрonos, turn, from Tper- (stein of TрÉT∞, turn); σTÓλos, expedition, στολή, equipment, from στελ- (stem of στέλλω, send).

2. (Agent). The following suffixes denote the agent in verbals, and the person concerned with anything in denominatives:

(α) ευ- (nom. εύς) : γραφεύς, writer, from γραφ- (γράφω) ; γον-εύ-ς, parent, from yev-; inπ-ev-s, horseman, from iTTо- (iños); пор¤μ-εú-s, ferryman (Topoμó-s, ferry). See § 128, 3, Notes 3 and 5.

NOTE. A few nouns in eus have feminines in eɩă (with recessive accent, § 25, 1, N.); as Baoíλeia, queen (cf. 3, N. 2).

(δ) τηρ- (nom. τήρ): σωτήρ, saviour, from σω- (σώω, σώζω, save). Tор- (nom. Twр): pnrwp, orator, from pe- (épéw, épŵ, shall say). τα (nom. της): ποιητής, poet (maker), from ποιε- (ποιέω) ; ὀρχηστής, dancer, from opxe- (opxéoμai, dance); inπórns, horseman, from innо(iππоs, horse).

To these correspond the following feminine forms :

τειρα (nom. τειρά): σώτειρα, fem. of σωτήρ.

τρια. (nom. τριά): ποιήτρια, poetess ; ορχήστρια, dancing-girl. Tρɩd- (nom. тpís): 3pxŋorpis, dancing-girl, gen. -ídos.

T8- (nom. Tis): Tроpnτis, prophetess; oikéris, female servant.

NOTE. Verbals in Tηp and Tpis are oxytone: those in Twp, Tpiɑ, and Teipa have recessive accent (§ 25, 1, N.).

3. (Action). These suffixes denote action (in verbals only) :

Tɩ- (nom. Tɩs, fem.): πíσ-rɩs, belief, from T10- (πeíðw, believe).

σι (nom. σις, fem.) : λύ-σις, loosing, from Av- (λύω).

σια- (nom. σιᾶ, fem.): δοκιμασία, testing (δοκιμάζω, test).

μo- (nom. μós, maṣc.): σñaσ-μós, spasm (σπá-w, draw, § 128, 3, N. 4).

NOTE 1. The suffix ua- (nom. un, fem.) has the same force as simple α(§ 129, 1); as γνώμη, knowledge (γνο-), τόλμη, daring (τολμα-), οδμή, odor (ŏ(w, 88-).

NOTE 2. From stems in ev (EF) of verbs in eve come nouns in ela denoting action; as Baoiλeía, kingly power, kingdom, waideía, education (cf. 2, a, Note).

4. (Result). These suffixes denote the result of an action (in verbals only):—

μaт- (nom. μa, neut.): πрây-μa, thing, act, from прāу- (πрáσσш, do); pnua, saying (thing said), from pe- (fut. ép); Tμn-μa, section, gen. τμήματος, from τμε-, τεμ- (τέμνω, cut).

Eσ- (nom. os, neut.): λexos (laxeo-), lot, from λax- (λayxávw, gain by lot); ěbos (édeσ-), custom, from 0- (etwa, am accustomed); yévos (yeveσ-), race, from yev- (yéyova, § 128, 3, N. 5).

NOTE. Denominatives in os (stem in eo-), denote quality (see 7).

5. (Means or Instrument). This is denoted by

Tpo- (nom. Tpov, Latin trum): apo-rpov, plough, aratrum, from ȧpo(ἀρόω, plough) ; λύτρον, ransom, from λυ- (λύω) ; λοῦ-τρον, bath, from λου- (λούω, wash).

NOTE. The feminine in 7pā sometimes denotes an instrument, as xÚTρα, earthen pot, from xv- (xéw, pour) ; §ú-σ-тpa, scraper, from cv- (¿uw, scrape); sometimes other relations, e.g., place, as manaí-o-τpa, place for wrestling, from Taλα- (Taλaiw, wrestle, § 109, 2).

6. (Place). This is denoted by these suffixes :

τηριο- (nom. τήριον, only verbals): δικαστήριον, court house, from δικαδ- (δικάζω, judge).

€ɩo- (nom. éîov, only denom.): koupeîov, barber's shop, from Kovρεύς, barber ; 80 λογείον (λόγος), speaking-place, Μουσεῖον (Μούσα), haunt of the Muses.

wv- (nom. v, masc., only denom.): åvdpáv, men's apartment, from ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός, man ; ἀμπελών, vineyard, from ἄμπελος, vine.

7. (Quality). Nouns denoting quality are formed from adjective stems by these suffixes :

TMη- (nom. TMηs, fem.): veó-τns (veOTηT-), youth, from. véo-s, young; loÓ-Tηs (iσVTNT-), equality, from loo-s, equal (cf. Latin veritas, gen. veri-tatis; virtus, gen. vir-tutis).

ovva- (nom. σúvn, fem.): dikaιo-ovvn, justice, from díkalo-s, just; σωφρο-σύνη, continence, from σώφρων (σωφρον-), continent.

la- (nom. a, fem.): oop-ia, wisdom (σoþós); kakía, vice (kakós); aλýbeia, truth, from aλŋßeσ- (åλŋons, true). See Note.

- (nom. os, neut. 3 decl.): ráx-os, speed (Taxús, swift), ßáp-os, weight (Bapus, heavy). See § 128, 3, N. 3; § 129, 4, Note.

NOTE. Adjective stems in eo- drop σ (§ 16, 4, N.), and those in oo drop o, before the suffix a; as in ¿λela (above), and euvola, goodwill, from εὔνοο-ς, εὔνους.

8. (Diminutives). following suffixes :

These are formed from noun stems by the

Lo- (nom. Lov, neut.): raid lov, little child, from raid- (πaîs, child); κηπ-ίον, little garden (κῆπος). Sometimes also ιδιο-, αριο-, υδριο-, υλλιο (all with nom. in cov); oik-ídiov, little house (oikos); Taid-áρiov, little child; peλ-vopov, little song (uédos); éπ-úλdɩov, little verse, versicle, Latin versiculus (TOS). Here final eo- of the stem is dropped.

ισκο- (nom.) ίσκος, (masc.) and ισκα- (nom. ίσκη, fem.): παιδίσκος, young boy, παιδίσκη, young girl; so νεανίσκος, νεανίσκη.

NOTE. Diminutives sometimes express endearment, and sometimes contempt ; as πατρίδιον, χαρα (πατήρ, father), Σωκρατίδιον, Εὐριπίδιον.

9. (Patronymics). These denote descent from a parent or ancestor (generally a father), and are formed from proper names by the following suffixes :

Sa- (nom. dns, masc. parox.) and 8- (nom. s for ds, fem. oxytone); after a consonant sa- and 18- (nom. ïdŋs and is).

(a) Stems of the first declension (in a) add da- and d- directly; as Bopeá-dns, son of Boreas, and Bopea-s, gen. Bopeá-dos, daughter of Boreas, from Bopéas, Boreas.

(b) Stems of the second declension drop the final o and add idaand ιδ-; as Πριαμίδης, son of Priam, Πριαμίς, gen. Πριαμίδος, daughter of Priam, from Пpíaμo-s. Except those in to-, which change o to a, making nominatives in áons and tás ; as Deσriádŋs and Θεστιάς, son and daughter of Thestius (Θέστιο-ς).

(c) Stems of the third declension add da- and ɩd-, those in ev dropping before; as Keкpоn-idŋs, son (or descendant) of Cecrops, KEKρOT-is, gen. -idos, daughter of Cecrops, from Kéκpov, gen. Kéкроπ-os; Ατρείδης (Hom. Ατρείδης), son of Atreus, from 'Ατρεύς, gen. Ατρέως ; IInλeidns (Hom. IInλetons), son of Peleus, from Inλev-s, gen. Πηλέως.

NOTE. Occasionally patronymics are formed by the suffix iov- or iwv(nom. ίων); as Κρονίων, gen. Κρονίωνος oι Κρονίονος (to suit the metre), son of Kronos (Kpóvo-s).

10. (Gentiles). These designate a person as belonging to some country or town, and are formed by the following suffixes:

εν (nom. εύς, masc.): Ερετριεύς, Eretrian ('Ερετρία); Μεγαρεύς, Megarian (Méyapa, pl.); Koλwveus, of Colonus (Koλwvo-s),

Ta- (nom. Tns, masc. parox.): Teyeá-rns, of Tegea (Teyea), Ηπειρώτης, οf Εpirus (Ήπειρος), Σικελιώτης, Sicilian (Σικελία). See § 128, 3, N. 3.