genitive, or dative connected with the leading verb (§ 134, 3), a predicate noun or adjective which belongs to the omitted subject is generally assimilated in case to the preceding nominative, genitive, or dative. But it may stand in the accusative instead of being assimilated to a genitive or dative; especially a predicate noun is very seldom assimilated to a genitive. E.g.

(Nom.) βούλεται σοφὸς εἶναι, he wishes to be wise ; ὁ ̓Αλέξανδρος ëpaσkev eivai Aiòs viás, Alexander asserted that he was a son of Zeus.

(Gen.) Κύρου ἐδέοντο ὡς προθυμοτάτου γενέσθαι, they asked Cyrus to be as devoted to them as possible; but (with a noun) 'Aonvalov ἐδεήθησαν σφίσι βοηθοὺς γενέσθαι, they asked the Athenians to become their helpers.

(Dat.) νῦν σοι ἔξεστιν ἀνδρὶ γενέσθαι, it is now in your power to show yourself a man, πρέπει σοι εἶναι προθύμῳ, it becomes you to be zealous; but also συμφέρει αὐτοῖς φίλους εἶναι, it is for their interest to be friends.

(b) So when a participle (in any case) represents the leading verb and its noun the leading subject; as ἦλθον ἐπί τινα τῶν δοκούντων εἶναι σοφῶν, I went to one of those who seemed to be wise; πολλοὶ τῶν προσποιησαμένων εἶναι σοφιστῶν, many of those who professed to be sophists. So τοῖς δοκοῦσιν εἶναι σοφοῖς.

NOTE 4. The same principle (N. 3) applies to the predicate of ὤν or of the participle of a copulative verb; as ᾔδεσαν σοφοί ὄντες, they knew that they were wise (but ᾔδεσαν τούτους σοφοὺς ὄντας, they knew that these men were wise). See Note 2.

NOTE 5. For the application of the same principle to all adjective words which refer to the omitted subject of an infinitive, see § 138, N. 8.

APPOSITION.

§ 137. A noun annexed to another noun to describe it, and denoting the same person or thing, agrees with it in This is called apposition. E.g.

case.

Δαρεῖος ὁ βασιλεύς, Darius the king. ̓Αθῆναι, μεγάλη πόλις, Athens, a great city. Ὑμᾶς τοὺς σοφούς, you, the wise ones. Ἡμῶν τῶν 'Aonvalov, of us, the Athenians. DeμLOTOKλns Kw (Sc. eyά), I Themistocles am come. Φιλήσιος καὶ Λύκων οἱ Αχαιοί, Philesius and Lyccn, the Achaeans.

NOTE 1. Possessive pronouns and adjectives may have a genitive in apposition with a genitive which they imply; as ó éμòs Tov Taλaiπώρου βίος, the life of me, miserable one ; 'Αθηναῖος ἦν, πόλεως τῆς μεγίorns, being (a citizen) of Athens, the greatest city. So rà vμéтepa aiτôv (for rà vμav auTŵv), your own (§. 147, N. 4).

NOTE 2. A noun which might stand in the partitive genitive (§ 168) sometimes takes the case of the words denoting its parts, especially when the latter include the whole of the former; as oikiai αἱ μὲν πολλαὶ πεπτώκεσαν, ὀλίγαι δὲ περιῆσαν, most of the houses had fallen, but a few remained (where we might have rôv oikiŵv). Το οὗτοι ἄλλος ἄλλα λέγει. This is called partitive apposition.

NOTE 3. A noun may be in apposition with a whole sentence, being in the nominative or accusative as it is more closely connected in thought with the subject or with the object of the sentence; as κεῖνται πεσόντες, πίστις οὐ σμικρὰ πόλει, they lie prostrate,—no small (cause of) confidence to the city; Ελένην κτάνωμεν, Μενέλεῳ λύπην TIKрáv, let us kill Helen, (which will be) a bitter grief to Menelaus.

NOTE 4. A noun may be in apposition with the subject or the object of a sentence, where we use as or a like word; as inπо уоVTO Oúμатa т 'Hλiw, horses were brought as offerings to the Sun (in active, ἵππους ἄγειν θύματα, to bring horses as offerings); συμμάχους ἔξεις θεούς, you will have Gods as allies. So τυχεῖν τινος φίλου, to gain some one as a friend; xpôμai Touro pido, 1 treat him as a friend. So Tivos didáσkaλoi Kete; as teachers of what are you come? See § 166, Note 2.

AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES.

§ 138. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. This applies also to the article and to adjective pronouns and participles. E.g.

Ὁ σοφὸς ἀνήρ, the wise man ; τοῦ σοφοῦ ἀνδρός, τῷ σοφῷ ἀνδρί, τὸν σοφὸν ἄνδρα, τῶν σοφῶν ἀνδρῶν, &c. Οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ, this man ; τούτου τοῦ ἀνδρός, τούτων τῶν ἀνδρῶν. Αἱ πρὸ τοῦ στόματος νῆες ναυμαχοῦσαι, the ships engaged in battle before the mouth (of the harbour). It includes predicate adjectives with copulative verbs, the case of which has already been considered (§ 136); as ai äpioтai dokovσai eivai púoeis, the natures which seem to be best.

REMARK. The adjective may be either attributive or predicate. An attributive adjective simply qualifies the noun without the intervention of a verb (like all the adjectives above except apioтai). The predicate adjective may be connected with its noun by the copula (§ 133, 1, N. 1), or by a copulative verb (§ 136); as ó ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός ἐστιν, the man is good; καλεῖται ἀγαθός, he is called good : or it may stand to its noun in any relation which implies some part of εἰμί; as πτηνὰς διώκεις τὰς ἐλπίδας, you are pursuing hopes which are winged (i.e. hopes being winged); dbávarov Tηv μvýμηv kataλeiVovou, immortal is the memory they will leave behind them (i.e. Tηv μνήμην οὖσαν ἀθάνατον); ποιεῖ τοὺς Μήδους ἀσθενεῖς, he makes the Medes (to be) weak (§ 166). A predicate adjective is often known by its position with respect to the article; see § 142, 3, and the examples.

NOTE 1. (a) An attributive adjective belonging to several nouns generally agrees with the nearest or the most prominent one, and is understood with the rest; as τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ γυναῖκα, the good man and woman; παντὶ καὶ λόγῳ καὶ μηχανῇ, by every word and device.

(b) But such an adjective is occasionally plural if it belongs to several singular nouns, or dual if it belongs to two; as owþpóvwv ἐστὶ καὶ ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναικὸς οὕτω ποιεῖν, it is the part of prudent persons), both men and women, thus to do.

NOTE 2. (a) A predicate adjective is regularly plural if it belongs to several singular nouns, or dual if it belongs to two. If the nouns are of different genders, the adjective is commonly masculine if one of the nouns denotes a male person, and commonly neuter if all denote things. Thus, εἶδε πατέρα τε καὶ μητέρα καὶ ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα αἰχμαλώτους γεγενημένους, he saw that both his father and his mother, his brothers, and his own wife had been made captives; πόλεμος καὶ στάσις ὀλέθρια ταῖς πόλεσίν ἐστιν, war and faction are destructive to states.

(b) But it sometimes follows both the gender and number of the nearest or most prominent noun; as πρόρριζος αὐτὸς, ἡ γυνὴ, τὰ maidía, ároλoiμny, may I perish root and branch, myself, my wife, my children.

(c) A predicate adjective is sometimes neuter, being used like a noun (§ 139), even when its noun is masculine or feminine; as kaλòv naλndeia, a beautiful thing is truth.

NOTE 3. A collective noun in the singular denoting persons may take a plural participle; as Τροίαν ἑλόντες ̓Αργείων στόλος, the Argives' army having taken Troy.

NOTE 4. An adjective may conform to the real rather than the grammatical gender of a noun denoting a person; as piλe tékvov, dear child!

NOTE 5. The masculine form of the dual is very often used for the feminine in adjective pronouns and the article; as TOUT TW Téxva, these two arts. Especially rare are the feminines τά, ταύτα.

NOTE 6. Avo, two, is often used with a plural noun. "Oooe, the eyes, and doûpe, two spears, in Homer, may have plural adjectives.

NOTE 7. A predicate adjective is sometimes used where we should use an adverb or adverbial phrase; as ÉKÓVTES λov, they came willingly ; ὅρκιός σοι λέγω, I say it to you on my oath; πρῶτος d'éέepéeive NéσTwp, and first, Nestor enquired. There is often, however, a great distinction between the adjective and the adverb; as πρῶτος αὐτοὺς εἶδον, I was the first to see them; πρώτους αὐτοὺς εἶδον, they were the first whom I saw; πρῶτον (adv.) αὐτοὺς εἶδον, first (of all that I did) I saw them.

NOTE 8. (a) When the subject of an infinitive is omitted because it refers to the same person or thing as a nominative, genitive, or dative connected with the leading verb (§ 134, 3), adjectives, adjective pronouns, and participles which belong to the omitted subject are generally assimilated in case to the preceding nominative, genitive, or dative; but they sometimes stand in the accusative (agreeing with the omitted subject) instead of the genitive or dative, rarely instead of the nominative. This occurs chiefly in the predicate of eival, or of a copulative verb; for the usage in such cases and for examples, see § 136, Note 3.

(b) With the infinitives of other verbs, the assimilation of an adjective to a subject nominative is regular and very rarely neglected; after a genitive, assimilation seldom (if ever) occurs, and the accusative is regular; after a dative either the dative or the accusative may be used, E.g.

(Nom.) Οὐχ ὁμολογήσω ἄκλητος ήκειν, I shall not admit that I am come unbidden ; οὐκ ἔφη αὐτὸς, ἀλλ ̓ ἐκεῖνον στρατηγεῖν, he said that not (he) himself, but he (Nicias) was general; he said ouk (ey) AUTÒS (στρατηγῶ) ἀλλ ̓ ἐκεῖνος στρατηγεῖ, αὐτός being adjective (§ 145, 1) and ékeivos substantive.

(Dat.) ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς συσκευασαμένοις ἃ εἶχον καὶ ἐξοπλισαμévois πpoléval, they decided to pack up what they had and arm themselves completely, and to advance (Anab. ii. 1, 2); but ëdo§ev avtoîs προφυλακὰς καταστήσαντας συγκαλεῖν τοὺς στρατιώτας, they decided to station pickets and to assemble the soldiers (ib. iii. 2, 1); in i. 2, we find two datives and an accusative.

(Accus. for Gen.) κακουργου ἐστὶ κριθέντ ̓ ἀποθανεῖν, στρατηγοῦ δὲ μαχόμενον τοῖς πολεμίοις, it is like a malefactor to die by the sentence of a court, but like a general (to die) fighting the enemy; déoμai iμôv μεμνημένους τῶν εἰρημένων τὰ δίκαια ψηφίσασθαι, I beg of you to remember what has been said, and to vote what is just.

Adjective used as a Noun.

§ 139. 1. An adjective or participle, generally with the article, may be used as a noun; as o díkalos, the just man; i εχθρός, the enemy ; φίλος, a friend ; κακή, a base woman; τὸ μέσον οι μέσον, the middle ; οἱ κακοί, the bad ; τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς, to the good; Tŵv parovvτwv, of those in power; kaká, evils; rà θνητά, mortal things ; οἱ γραψάμενοι Σωκράτην, the accusers of Socrates (§ 276, 2).

NOTE. In some cases a noun is distinctly implied; as Tŷ vσrepaia (sc. quépa), on the next day.

2. The neuter singular of an adjective with the article is often used as an abstract noun; as тò kaλóv, beauty (= káλλoç), τὸ δίκαιον, justice (= δικαιοσύνη).

NOTE. The participle, which is a verbal adjective, is occasionally thus used for the infinitive, which is a verbal noun; as rò dediós, fear (= τὸ δεδιέναι); ἐν τῷ μὴ μελετῶντι, in the not practising (= ἐν TO μn μeλerâv); both in Thucydides. So in Latin, opus est maturato, there is need of haste.

THE ARTICLE.

Homeric Use of the Article.

§ 140. In the oldest Greek (as in Homer) the article appears generally as a demonstrative or personal pronoun, sometimes as a relative. E.g.

Τὴν δ ̓ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω, but I will not free her; τοῦ δὲ κλύε Φοῖβος Απόλλων, and Phoebus Apollo heard him; ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας 'Axauv, for he came, &c. As relative, Tuрà Tоλλà тà καieто, many fires which were burning; dopa тà edwкav, gifts which they gave.

NOTE 1. Even in Homer, adjectives and participles used as nouns (§ 139, 1) have the article, as in Attic Greek; as oi yàp äpiσtoi év vηvolv Kéaraι, for the bravest sit in the ships; oi äλλo, the others; τά τ ̓ ἐόντα τά τ' εσόμενα, both things that are and things that are to be.

NOTE 2. (a) When the article is used with nouns in Homer, it is generally a pronoun, with which the noun is in apposition; as ó d' ἔβραχε χάλκεος "Αρης, and he, brazen Ares, roared; ἡ δ ̓ ἀέκουσ ̓ ἅμα Toiσi yuvη Kiev, and she, the woman, went with them unwilling.

(b) Nearer the Attic use of the article are examples like these: avτàρ ó Tоîσι Yéрwv ódov nyeμóvevev, but he, the old man, showed them the way; Tov dolov raтép' Eupov, and they found him, the father, alone.

(c) Hardly, if at all, to be distinguished from the Attic article is that found in examples like these : ὅτε δὴ τὴν νῆσον ἀφίκετο, when now he came to the island; τό τε σθένος Ωρίωνος, and the might of Orion ; αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἱστάμεναι θαύμαζον, and the women stood and wondered.

(d) It is therefore often difficult to decide the exact force of an article in early Greek. The above examples show a gradual transition, even in Homer, from the original pronoun to the true definite article.