§ 257. The subjunctive and future indicative are used with the double negative où μn in the sense of the future indicative with où, but with more emphasis. Eg.

Οὐ μὴ πίθηται, he will not obey. Οὔτε γὰρ γίγνεται, οὔτε γέγονεν, ovde ovv μn yévηTai, for there is not, nor has there been, nor will there ever be, &c. Οὔ ποτ' ἐξ ἐμοῦ γε μὴ πάθῃς τόδε, you never shall suffer this at my hands. Οὔ τοι μήποτε σε ἄκοντά τις ἄξει, no one

shall ever take you against your will, &c.

The double negative here seems to have merely the force of emphasis, and the subjunctive is a relic of the old usage (§ 255). The aorist subjunctive is generally used in these expressions.

NOTE. This construction in the second person sometimes expresses a strong prohibition; as où μn Kaтaßnoeɩ, do not come down (lit. you shall not come down); ov μn σкwns, do not mock. The future indicative and the aorist subjunctive are both allowed in this sense. The imperative force is to be explained as in the future used imperatively (§ 200, N. 8).

THE INFINITIVE.

§ 258. The infinitive has the force of a neuter verbal noun, and may take the neuter article in all its cases. It may at the same time, like a verb, have a subject or object; and it is qualified by adverbs, not by adjectives.

§ 259. The infinitive as nominative may be the subject of a finite verb, especially of an impersonal verb (§ 134, N. 2) or of ẻσTí; or it may be a predicate (§ 136). As accusative it may be the subject of another infinitive. E.g.

Συνέβη αὐτῷ ἐλθεῖν, it happened to him to go; ἐξὴν μένειν, it was possible to remain; ἡδὺ πολλοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἔχειν; is it pleasant to have many enemies ? φησὶν ἐξεῖναι τούτοις μένειν, he says it is possible for these to remain (μένειν being subject of ἐξεῖναι). Τὸ γνῶναι ἐπιστήμην λαβεῖν ἐστιν, to learn is to acquire knowledge. Τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ ἀδικεῖν, this is to commit injustice. Τὸ γὰρ θάνατον δεδιέναι οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ δοκεῖν σοφὸν εἶναι μὴ ὄντα, for to fear death (the fear of death) is nothing else than to seem to be wise without being so.

NOTE. These infinitives usually stand without the article; but whenever it is desired to make the infinitive more prominent as a noun (see the last examples), the article can be added. See § 260, 1, N. 2.

§ 260. The infinitive without the article may be the object of a verb. It generally has the force of an object accusative, sometimes that of a cognate accusative, and sometimes that of an object genitive.

1. The object infinitive not in indirect discourse may follow any verb whose action naturally implies another action as its object. Such verbs are in general the same in Greek as in English, and others must be learned by practice. E.g.

Βούλεται ἐλθεῖν, he wishes to go; βούλεται τοὺς πολίτας πολεμικοὺς είναι, he wishes the citizens to be warlike; παραινοῦμέν σοι μένειν, we advise you to remain; προείλετο πολεμῆσαι, he preferred to make wαν; κελεύει σε μὴ ἀπελθεῖν, he commands you not to depart, ἀξιοῦσιν ἄρχειν, they claim the right to rule ; ἀξιοῦται θανεῖν, he is thought to deserve to die ; δέομαι ὑμῶν συγγνώμην μοι ἔχειν, I ask you to have consideration for me. So κωλύει σε βαδίζειν, he prevents you from marching ; οὐ πέφυκε δουλεύειν, he is not born to be a slave ; ἀναβάλ λεται τοῦτο ποιεῖν, he postpones doing this ; κινδυνεύει θανεῖν, he is in danger of death.

NOTE 1. The tenses here used are chiefly the present and aorist, and these do not differ in their time (§ 202, 1, 2, and 3). In this construction the infinitive has no more reference to time than any other verbal noun would have, but the meaning of the verb generally gives it a reference to the future; as in aέtoûтai Oaveiv (above) Oaveiv expresses time only so far as Oavárov would do so in its place. Its negative is μn (§ 283, 3).

NOTE 2. When the infinitive is the object of a verb which does not com、 monly take this construction, it generally has the article; as Tò TEλEUTÑσαι πάντων ἡ πεπρωμένη κατέκρινεν, Fate adjudged death to all. Occasionally even the ordinary verbs included in § 260, 1 (as verbs of wishing) take the infinitive with ró as an object accusative, chiefly in poetry; as тò doâv oùк Hoéλnoav, they were not willing to act.

2. The object infinitive in indirect discourse (§ 203) follows a verb implying thought or the expression of thought, or some equivalent phrase. Here each tense of the infinitive corresponds in time to the same tense of some finite mood. See § 246, with examples and Note.

NOTE 1. Of the three common verbs meaning to say,—

(a) onui regularly takes the infinitive in indirect discourse; (b) εἶπον takes ὅτι or ὡs with the indicative or optative ;

c) Aéyo allows either construction, but in the active voice it generally takes őrɩ or ås.

NOTE 2. A relative clause depending on an infinitive in indirect discourse sometimes takes the infinitive by assimilation; as éñeiồn δὲ γενέσθαι ἐπὶ τῇ οἰκίᾳ, (ἔφη) ἀνεωγμένην καταλαμβάνειν τὴν θύραν, and when they came to the house they found the door open (he said). Herodotus allows this even after el, if, and dɩóri, because.

§ 261. 1. The infinitive without the article limits the meaning of many adjectives and nouns.

E.g.

Δυνατὸς ποιεῖν τοῦτο, able to do this; δεινὸς λέγειν, skilled in speaking; ἄξιος τοῦτο λαβεῖν, worthy to receive this ; πρόθυμος λέyeur, eager to speak; paλakoi KaрTepeîv, (too) effeminate to endure; ἐπιστήμων λέγειν τε καὶ σιγᾶν, knowing how both to speak and to be silent.

Ανάγκη ἐστὶ πάντας ἀπελθεῖν there is a necessity that all should withdraw ; κίνδυνος ἦν αὐτῷ παθεῖν τι, he was in danger of suffering something ; ὥρα ἀπιέναι, time to go away ; ἐλπίδας ἔχει τοῦτο ποιῆσαι, he has hopes of doing this.

NOTE 1. Adjectives of this class are especially those denoting ability, fitness, desert, readiness, and their opposites; and, in general, those corresponding in meaning to verbs which take the infinitive (§ 260, 1). Nouns of this class are such as form with a verb (generally eiui) an expression equivalent to a verb which takes the object infinitive. Most nouns take the infinitive with the article as an adnominal genitive (§ 262, 2).

NOTE 2. The article is sometimes prefixed to the infinitive here, as after verbs (§ 260, 1, N. 2). This shows more clearly its character as an object accusative ; as τὸ βίᾳ πολιτῶν δρᾶν ἔφυν αμήχ avos, I am incapable of acting in defiance of the citizens.

2. Any adjective or adverb may take the infinitive without the article as an accusative of specification (§ 160, 1). E.g.

Θέαμα αἰσχρὸν ὁρᾶν, a sight disgraceful to behold; λόγοι ὑμῖν χρησιμώτατοι ἀκοῦσαι, words most useful for you to hear; τὰ χαλεπώτατα εὑρεῖν, the things hardest to find ; πολιτεία χαλεπή συζῆν, a government hard to live under. Kátora ideîv, in a manner most delightful to behold.

REMARK. This infinitive is always active rather than passive; 88 πρᾶγμα χαλεπὸν ποιεῖν, a thing hard to do, rather than χαλεπὸν Toleioba, hard to be done.

NOTE. Nouns and even verbs may take the infinitive on this principle; as θαῦμα ιδέσθαι, a wonder to behold. Αριστεύεσκε μάXeobai, he was the first in fighting (like páxn). Hom.

§ 262. 1. The infinitive may depend on a preposition, in which case the article τοῦ, τῷ, or τό must be prefixed. E.g.

Πρὸ τοῦ τοὺς ὅρκους ἀποδοῦναι, before taking the oaths; πρὸς τῷ μηδὲν ἐκ τῆς πρεσβείας λαβεῖν, besides receiving nothing by the embassy; διὰ τὸ ξένος εἶναι οὐκ ἂν οἴει ἀδικηθῆναι, you think you would not be wronged on account of your being a stranger.

2. The genitive and dative of the infinitive, with the article, can stand in most of the constructions belonging to those cases; as in that of the adnominal genitive, the genitive after a comparative or after verbs and adjectives, the dative of manner, means, &c., the dative after verbs and adjectives, and sometimes in that of the genitive of cause or purpose (§ 173, 1). Eg.

Τοῦ πιεῖν ἐπιθυμία, α desire to drink; κρεῖττον τοῦ λαλεῖν, better than prating; ñéσxoμev тoû daкpúeɩv, we ceased our weeping (§ 263) ; ἀήθεις τοῦ κατακούειν τινός εἰσιν, they are unused to obeying any one. Τῷ φανερὸς εἶναι τοιοῦτος ὤν, by having it evident that he was such a man, τῷ κοσμίως ζῆν πιστεύειν, to trust in an orderly life; ἴσον τῷ προστένειν, equal to lamenting beforehand. Μίνως τό λῃστικὸν καθήρει τοῦ τᾶς προσόδους μᾶλλον ἰέναι αὐτῷ, Minos put down piracy, that his revenues might come in more abundantly. Thuc.

§ 263. 1. Verbs and expressions denoting hindrance or freedom from anything allow either the infinitive with roÛ (§ 262, 2) or the simple infinitive (§ 260, 1). As the infinitive after such verbs can take the negative μý without affecting the sense (§ 283, 6), we have a third and fourth form, still with the same meaning.

(See Note, and § 263, 2.) E.g.

Εἴργει σε τοῦτο ποιεῖν, εἴργει σε τοῦ τοῦτο ποιεῖν, εἴργει σε μὴ τοῦτο ποιεῖν, εἴργει σε τοῦ μὴ τοῦτο ποιεῖν, all meaning he prevents you from doing this. Τὸν Φίλιππον παρελθεῖν οὐκ ἐδύναντο κωλῦσαι, they could not hinder Philip from passing through. Toû dè dраπeтEÚειν ἀπείργουσι, they restrain them from running away. “Οπερ ἔσχε μὴ Thy IIEXоróvσov Tоpleiv, which prevented (him) from ravaging Peloponnesus. Ἕξει αὐτοὺς τοῦ μὴ καταδύναι, it will keep them from sinking.

NOTE. When the leading verb is negatived (or interrogative implying a negative), the double negative un ou is generally used rather than the simple μn with the infinitive (§ 283, 7) so that we

can say οὐκ εἴργει σε μὴ οὐ τοῦτο ποιεῖν, he does not prevent you from doing this. Toû μn où πolεîv is rarely (if ever) used.

2. The infinitive with rò un (sometimes with ró alone) may be used after expressions denoting hindrance, and also after all which even imply prevention, omission, or denial. This infinitive with ró is less closely connected with the leading verb than are the forms just mentioned (1), and it may often be considered an accusative of specification (§ 160, 1), and sometimes (as after verbs of denial) an object accusative. Sometimes it expresses merely a result. E.g.

Τὸν ὅμιλον εἶργον τὸ μὴ τὰ ἐγγὺς τῆς πόλεως κακουργείν, they prevented the crowd from injuring the neighbouring parts of the city. Kwλúσel σe Tò dpav, he will prevent you from acting (§ 260, 1, N. 2). Κίμωνα παρὰ τρεῖς ἀφεῖσαν ψήφους τὸ μὴ θανάτῳ ζημιῶσαι, they allowed Cimon by three votes to escape the punishment of death (they let him off from the punishment of death). Φόβος ἀνθ ̓ ὕπνου παραστατεῖ, τὸ μὴ βλέφαρα συμβαλεῖν, fear stands by me instead of sleep, preventing me from closing my eyelids.

Thus we have a fifth and a sixth form, εἴργει σε τὸ μὴ τοῦτο ποιεῖν and εἴργει σε τὸ τοῦτο ποιεῖν, added to those given in § 263, 1, as equivalents of the English he prevents you from doing

this.

NOTE. Here, as above (1, Note) un ou is used when the leading verb is negatived; as οὐδὲν γὰρ αὐτῷ ταῦτ ̓ ἐπαρκέσει τὸ μn où eσεîv, for this will not at all suffice to prevent him from falling.

§ 264. The infinitive with its subject, object, or other adjuncts (sometimes including dependent clauses) may be preceded by the article, the whole standing as a single noun in any ordinary construction. E.g.

Τὸ δὲ μήτε πάλαι τοῦτο πεπονθέναι, πεφηνέναι τέ τινα ἡμῖν συμμαχίαν τούτων ἀντίρροπον ἂν βουλώμεθα χρῆσθαι, τῆς παρ ̓ ἐκείνων εὐνοίας εὐεργέτημ ̓ ἂν ἔγωγε θείην, but the fact that we have not suffered this long ago, and that an alliance has appeared to us to balance these, if we shall wish to use it, this I should ascribe as a benefaction to their good-will. Dem. (Here the whole sentence тò.... xpĥodaɩ is the object of θείην.)

§ 265. The infinitive without the article may express a purpose. Eg.

Οἱ ἄρχοντες, οὓς εἵλεσθε ἄρχειν μου, the rulers, whom you chose to rule me. Τὴν πόλιν φυλάττειν αὐτοῖς παρέδωκαν, they delivered the