city to them to guard. Αἱ γυναῖκες πιεῖν φέρουσαι, the women bringing them (something) to drink.

NOTE. In Homer, where &ore is seldom used in its sense of so as (§ 266, N. 3) the simple infinitive may express a result; as τίς σφωε ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι; who brought them into conflict so as to contend?

§ 266. 1. The infinitive after ore, so that, so as, expresses a result. Eg.

Ἦν πεπαιδευμένος οὕτως, ὥστε πάνυ ῥᾳδίως ἔχειν ἀρκοῦντα, he had been so educated as very easily to have enough. Σὺ δὲ σχολάζεις, ὥστε Oavμášelv éμé, and you delay so that I wonder.

2. The infinitive after σTe sometimes expresses a condition, like that after ep' or ep' wтe (§ 267); and sometimes a purpose, like a final clause. E.g.

Εξὸν αὐτοῖς τῶν λοιπῶν ἄρχειν Ἑλλήνων, ὥστ ̓ αὐτους ὑπακούειν Baoiλeî, it being in their power to rule the rest of the Greeks, on condition that they should themselves obey the King. Πᾶν ποιοῦσιν wote díkŋv μǹ didóvai, they do everything so that they may not suffer punishment (iva pǹ didŵσɩ might have been used).

NOTE 1. Os sometimes takes the infinitive like σTe, generally to express a result, seldom to express a purpose.

NOTE 2. Qore may also take the indicative to express a result (§ 237). For the distinction see § 237, Rem.

NOTE 3. "ore in Homer usually means as, like σTeр. (See § 265, Note.)

NOTE 4. (a) The infinitive with σre or as sometimes follows a comparative with ἤ; as ἐλάττω ἔχων δύναμιν ἢ ὥστε τοὺς φίλους ¿peλeiv, having too little power to aid his friends.

(6) Sometimes ὥστε is omitted ; as νόσημα μεῖζον ἢ φέρειν, α disease too great to bear (§ 261, 2, with Rem.).

NOTE 5. Verbs, adjectives, and nouns which commonly take the simple infinitive occasionally have the infinitive with wσre or is; as ψηφισάμενοι ὥστε ἀμύνειν, having voted to defend them ; πείθουσιν ὥστε ἐπιχειρῆσαι, they persuade them to make an attempt; φρονιμώτεροι ὥστε μαθεῖν, wiser in learning ; ὀλίγοι ὡς ἐγκρατεῖς εἶναι, too few to have the power ; ἀνάγκη ὥστε κινδυνεύειν, α necessity of incurring risk (§ 261, 1).

§ 267. The infinitive follows ep' or 'TE, on condition that, sometimes for the purpose of. E.g.

̓Αφίεμέν σε, ἐπὶ τούτῳ μέντοι, ἐφ ̓ ᾧτε μηκέτι φιλοσοφείν, we release you, but on this condition, that you shall no longer be a philosopher. Αἱρεθέντες ἐφ ̓ ᾧτε ξυγγράψαι νόμους, chosen for the purpose of compiling laws.

For the future indicative after these words, see § 236, N. 2.

§ 268. The infinitive may stand absolutely in parenthetical phrases, generally with as or oσov. E.g.

Τὸ Δέλτα ἐστὶ νεωστὶ, ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν, ἀναπεφηνός, the Delta has recently, so to speak, made its appearance. So ws eños eiñeiv, 80 to speak; ὡς συντόμως (or συνελόντι, § 184, 5) εἰπεῖν, to speak concisely; Tò ¿úμπаv eiπeiv, on the whole; ws aπelkáσai, to judge (i.e. as far as we can judge); ὅσον γέ μ' εἰδέναι, as far as I know; ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, οἱ ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, as it seems to me; οὐ πολλῷ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν, not to make a long story, in short. So ỏλíyov deiv, to want little, i.e. almost; in which deiv can be omitted.

NOTE. In certain cases cival seems to be superfluous; especially in ékov elva, willing, or willingly, which generally stands in a negative sentence. So Tò vov eivai, at present; Tò Tημepov elvai, to-day ; τὸ ἐπ ̓ ἐκείνοις εἶναι, as far as depends on them ; τὴν πρώτην εἶναι, απ first (Hdt.); s máλaia eivai, considering their age (Thuc.); and some other phrases.

§ 269. The infinitive is sometimes used like the imperative, especially in Homer. E.g.

Μή ποτε καὶ σὺ γυναικί περ ἤπιος εἶναι, be thou never indulgent to thy wife.

NOTE. The subject is here in the nominative; but in the three following constructions it is in the accusative.

§ 270. The infinitive sometimes expresses a wish, like the optative. This occurs chiefly in poetry. E.g.

Ζεῦ πάτερ, ἢ Αἴαντα λαχεῖν ἢ Τυδέος υἱόν, fall either on Ajax or on the son of Tydeus.

Father Zeus, may the lot (Hom.)

NOTE. This construction depends in thought on some word like exopa, I pray, or dós, grant, which is often expressed; as dòs τίσασθαι.

§ 271. In laws, treaties, and proclamations the infinitive often depends on ἔδοξε or δέδοκται, be it enacted, or κελεύε Tai, it is commanded; which may be expressed in a previous sentence or understood. E.g.

Δικάζειν δὲ τὴν ἐν ̓Αρείῳ πάγῳ φόνου, &c., and (be it enacted) that the Senate on the Areopagus shall have jurisdiction in cases of murder, &c. Ετη δὲ εἶναι τὰς σπονδὰς πεντήκοντα, and that the treaty shall continue fifty years.

§ 272. The infinitive, with or without ró, may be used to express surprise or indignation. E.g.

Τῆς μωρίας· τὸ Δία νομίζειν, ὄντα τηλικουτονί, what folly ! to believe in Zeus when you are so big! So in Latin: Mene incepto desistere victam !

§ 273. In narration, the infinitive often seems to stand for the indicative, when it depends on some word like λéyetaι, it is said, in a preceding sentence. E.g.

̓Απικομένους δὲ ἐς τὸ ̓́Αργος, διατίθεσθαι τὸν φόρτον, and coming to Argos, they were (it is said) setting out their cargo for sale (diariOeo Oat is an imperfect infinitive, § 203, N. 1). Hdt. i. 1. See Hdt. i. 24, and Xen. Cyr. i. 3, 5.

§ 274. IIpív, before, before that, until, besides taking the indicative, subjunctive, and optative (§ 240), also takes the infinitive. This happens in Attic Greek chiefly after affirmative sentences, but in Homer without regard to the leading verb. E.g.

̓Αποπέμπουσιν αὐτὸν πρὶν ἀκοῦσαι, they send him away before hearing him. Μεσσήνην εἵλομεν πρὶν Πέρσας λαβεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν, we took Messene before the Persians obtained their kingdom.

For πρív with the finite moods, see § 240.

ΝΟΤΕ. Πρὶν ἤ, πρότερον ἤ, πρόσθεν ἤ, before that, sooner than, and even vσrepov, later than, may take the infinitive like πpíν alone. See § 240, Note.

uses.

THE PARTICIPLE.

275. The participle is a verbal adjective, and has three First, it may express a simple attribute, like an ordinary adjective; secondly, it may define the circumstances under which an action takes place; thirdly, it may form part of the predicate with certain verbs, often having a force resembling that of the infinitive.

§ 276. 1. The participle, like any other adjective, may qualify a noun. Here it must often be translated by a relative and a finite verb, especially when it is preceded by the article. E.g.

̔Ο παρὼν χρόνος, the present time; θεοὶ αἰὲν ἐόντες, immortal Gods (Hom.); πόλις κάλλει διαφέρουσα, a city excelling in beauty; ἀνὴρ KaλWS TETAιDEνpévos, a man who has been well educated (or a welleducated man) ; οἱ πρέσβεις οἱ ὑπὸ Φιλίππου πεμφθέντες, the ambassadors who were sent by Philip ; ἄνδρες οἱ τοῦτο ποιήσοντες, men who are to do this.

2. The participle preceded by the article may be used substantively, like any other adjective. It is then equivalent to he who or those who with a finite verb. E.g.

Οἱ πεπεισμένοι, those who have been convinced; παρὰ τοῖς ἀρίστοις δοκοῦσιν εἶναι, among those who seem to be best ; ὁ τὴν γνώμην ταύτην εἰπών, the one who gave this opinion ; τοῖς ̓Αρκάδων σφετέροις οὖσι ξυμμάχοις προείπον, they proclaimed to those who were their allies among the Arcadians.

§ 277. The participle may define the circumstances of an action. It expresses the following relations:

1. Time; the tenses denoting various points of time, which is relative to that of the verb of the sentence (§ 204). E.g.

Ταῦτα ἔπραττε στρατηγῶν, he did this while he was general; ταῦτα πράξει στρατηγών, he will do this while he is general; τυραννεύσας δὲ ἔτη τρία Ιππίας ἐχώρει ἐς Σίγειον, and when he had been tyrant three years, Hippias withdrew to Sigeum.

2. Cause, manner, means, and similar relations, including manner of employment. E.g.

Λέγω δὲ τούτου ἕνεκα, βουλόμενος δόξαι σοι ὅπερ ἐμοί, and I speak for this reason, because I wish that to seem good to you which, &c. Προείλετο μᾶλλον τοῖς νόμοις ἐμμένων ἀποθανεῖν ἢ παρανομών ζῆν, he preferred to die abiding by the laws rather than to live transgressing them ; τοῦτο ἐποίησε λαθών, he did this secretly ; ἀπεδήμει τριηραρχῶν, he was absent on duty as trierarch. Anisóμevo (wow, they live by plunder.

3. Purpose or intention; generally expressed by the future participle. E.g.

'Hade vooμevos Ouyarpa, he came to ransom his daughter. (Hom.) Πέμπειν πρέσβεις ταῦτα ἐροῦντας καὶ Λύσανδρον αἰτήσοντας, to send ambassadors to say this and to ask for Lysander.

4. Condition; the tenses of the participle representing the corresponding tenses of the indicative, subjunctive, or optative, in all classes of protasis.

See § 226, 1, where examples will be found.

5. Opposition or limitation; where the participle is generally to be translated by although and a verb. E.g.

Ολίγα δυνάμενοι προορᾶν, πολλὰ ἐπιχειροῦμεν πράττειν, although we are able to foresee few things, we try to do many things.

6. Any attendant circumstance, the participle being merely descriptive. E.g.

Ερχεται τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα, she comes bringing her son, παραλαβόντες τοὺς Βοιωτοὺς ἐστράτευσαν ἐπὶ Φάρσαλον, taking the Boeotians with them, they marched against Pharsalus.

NOTE 1. (α) The adverbs ἅμα, μεταξύ, εὐθύς, αὐτίκα, and gaiouns are often connected (in position and in sense) with the temporal participle, while grammatically they qualify the verb of the sentence; as ἅμα καταλαβόντες προσεκέατό σφι, as soon as they overtook them, they pressed hard upon them; Nexos μeтaέù óρúσσw v énavσaro, Necho stopped while digging (the canal). Hdt.

(b) The participle denoting opposition is often strengthened by καίπερ or καί, even (poet. also, καί TEр), in negative sentences οὐδέ οι μηδέ, with or without περ; or by καὶ ταῦτα, and that too; as ἐποικτείρω νιν, καίπερ ὄντα δυσμενῆ, I pity him, even though he is an enemy. Οὐκ ἂν προδοίην, οὐδέ περ πράσσων κακῶς, I would not be faithless, even though I am in a wretched state.

NOTE 2. (a) The participles denoting cause or purpose are often preceded by &s. This shows that they express the idea of the subject of the leading verb or that of some other person prominent in the sentence, without implying that it is also the idea of the speaker or writer ; as τὸν Περικλέα ἐν αἰτίᾳ εἶχον ὡς πείσαντα σφᾶς πολεμεῖν, they found fault with Pericles, on the ground that he had persuaded them to the war ; ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι, they are indignant, because (as they say) they have been deprived of some great blessings.

(b) The participle denoting cause is often emphasized by are, olov, or oia, as, inasmuch as; but these particles have no such force as is (above); as åte πaîs wv, ndeтo, inasmuch as he was a child, he was pleased.