NOTE 3. "Qσep, as, very often precedes a conditional participle, belonging to an implied apodosis, to which the participle forms the protasis ; as ὥσπερ ἤδη σαφῶς εἰδότες, οὐκ ἐθέλετ ̓ ἀκούειν, you are unwilling to hear, as (you would be) if you already knew it well. Here σTEр means merely as; the if belongs to the meaning of the participle. Compare wσnep ei λéyois, as if you should say. We find even ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ . youμevo, as if you believed (Dem.).

The participle thus used with wσneр has où for its negative, not μή (§ 283, 4).

§ 278. 1. When a participle denoting any of the relations included in § 277 belongs to a noun which is not connected with the main construction of the sentence, they stand together in the genitive absolute.

See § 183, and the examples there given. All the particles mentioned in the notes to § 277 can be used here.

NOTE. Sometimes a participle stands alone in the genitive absolute, when a subject can easily be supplied from the context, or when somne general subject, like ἀνθρώπων or πραγμάτων, is understood ; as οἱ πολέμιοι, προσιόντων, τέως μὲν ἡσύχαζον, but the enemy, as they (men before mentioned) came on, kept quiet for a time; ovTW & ἐχόντων, εἰκός ἐστιν, κ.τ.λ., and this being the case (sc. πραγμάτων), it is likely, &c. So with verbs like vet, &c. (§ 134, N. 1, e); as VOVTOS To, when it was raining heavily, (where originally Atós was understood).

2. The participles of impersonal verbs stand in the accusative absolute, in the neuter singular, when others would be in the genitive absolute. So with passive participles and ov when they are used impersonally. E.g.

So

Οἱ δ ̓ οὐ βοηθήσαντες, δέον ὑγιεῖς ἀπῆλθον; and did those who brought no aid when it was needed escape safe and sound? εὖ δὲ παρασχόν, and when a good opportunity ofered ; οὐ προσῆκον, improperly (it being not becoming); Tuxov, by chance (it having happened); προσταχθέν μοι, when I had been commanded; εἰρη μένον, when it has been said; ἀδύνατον ὤν, it being impossible; ἀπόρρη TOV TÓλEL (SC. ov), when it is forbidden by the state.

NOTE. The participles of personal verbs sometimes stand with their nouns in the accusative absolute; but very seldom unless they are preceded by ὡς or ὥσπερ.

§ 279. The participle may be used to limit the meaning of certain verbs, in a sense which often resembles that of the infinitive (§ 260, 1).

1. In this sense the participle is used with the subject of verbs signifying to begin, to continue, to endure, to persevere, to cease, to repent, to be weary of, to be pleased, displeased, or ashamed; and with the object of verbs signifying to cause to cease. E.g.

*Αρξομαι λέγων, I will begin to speak; οὐκ ἀνέξομαι ζων, I shall not endure to live; TOûTo Exwv diaredeî, he continues to have this (4, Note); ἀπείρηκα τρέχων, I am tired of running; τοῖς ἐρωτῶσι χαίρω ἀποκρινόμενος, I delight to answer questioners; ἐλεγχόμενοι ἤχθοντο, they were displeased at being tested; αἰσχύνεται τοῦτο λέγων, he is ashamed to say this (which he says); rhy piλoσopíav navσov TavTa déyovσav, make Philosophy stop talking in this style.

NOTE 1. Some of these verbs also take the infinitive, but generally with some difference of meaning; thus, αἰσχύνεται τοῦτο λέγειν, he is ashamed to say this (and does not say it),—see above; άTоKáμVEL TOÛTO TоLeiv, he ceases to do this, through weariness (but TOUTO TOLV, he is weary of doing this). But see the last example under. 3.

NOTE 2. The aorist (sometimes the perfect) participle with exo may form a periphrastic perfect, especially in Attic poetry; as θαυμάσας ἔχω τόδε, I have wondered at this. In prose ἔχω with a participle generally has its common force; as τὴν προῖκα ἔχει λαβών, he has received and has the dowry (not simply he has taken it).

2. The participle may be used with the object of verbs signifying to perceive (in any way), to find, or to represent, denoting an act or state in which the object is perceived, found, or represented. E.g.

Ὁρῶ σε κρύπτοντα, I see you hiding ; ἤκουσά σου λέγοντος, I heard you speak; εὗρε Κρονίδην ἄτερ ἥμενον ἄλλων, he found the son of Cronos sitting apart from the others (Hom.); πεποίηκε τοὺς ἐν "Αιδου TIμwρoνμÉvoνs, he has represented those in Hades as suffering punishment.

NOTE. This must not be confounded with indirect discourse, in which op σe крUTTоvта would mean, I see that you are hiding; ἀκούω σε λέγοντα, I hear that you say (ἀκούω taking the accusative). See § 280.

3. With verbs signifying to overlook or see, in the sense of allow,-περιοράω and ἐφοράω, with περιεῖδον and ἐπεῖδον, sometimes εldor-the participle is used in the sense of the object infinitive (§ 260, 1), the present and aorist participles

differing merely as the present and aorist infinitives would differ in similar constructions (§ 202, 1). E.g.

Μὴ περιίδωμεν ὑβρισθεῖσαν τὴν Λακεδαίμονα καὶ καταφρονηθεῖσαν let us not allow Lacedaemon to be insulted and despised. Mn p' ideiv θανόνθ ̓ ὑπ ̓ ἀστών, not to see me killed by citizens (Eur.). Περιιδεῖν Thu Yu Tundeio av, to allow the land to be ravaged (Thuc. ii. 18). (But in ii. 20, we find repudeiv тην yŷν тμŋðñvaι, referring to the same thing.) See § 204, N. 2.

4. With the following verbs the participle contains the leading idea of the expression: λavbávw, escape the notice of; TVYXάvw, happen; 40ávw, anticipate. The aorist participle here does not denote past time, but coincides in time with the verb (§ 204, Note 2). E.g.

Λήσετε διαφθαρέντες, you will be corrupted before you know it. *Ετυχον καθήμενος ἐνταῦθα, I happened to be sitting there; ἔτυχε κατὰ TOUTO TOû Kaιρov Nov, he happened to come (not to have come) just at that time. Εφθησαν τοὺς Πέρσας ἀπικόμενοι, they came before the Persians (Hdt.). Οὐδ ̓ ἄρα Κίρκην ἐλθόντες ἐλήθομεν, nor did we come without Circe's knowing it (Hom.). See examples under § 204,

N. 2.

The perfect participle here has its ordinary force.

NOTE. The participle with diareλéw, continue (§ 279, 1), oxoμai, be gone (§ 277, 2), Oaμiw, be wont or be frequent, and some others, expresses the leading idea; but the aorist participle with these has no peculiar force; as oixera peúyov, he has taken flight (§ 200, Ν. 3); οὐ θαμίζεις καταβαίνων εἰς τὸν Πειραιᾶ, you don't come down to the Peiraeus very often.

§ 280. With many verbs the participle stands in indirect discourse, each tense representing the corresponding tense of the indicative or optative.

Such verbs are chiefly those signifying to see, to know, to hear or learn, to remember, to forget, to show, to appear, to prove, to acknowledge, and ȧyyéλλw, to announce. E.g.

Ὁρῶ δέ μ' ἔργον δεινὸν ἐξειργασμένην, but I see that I have done a dreadful deed ; ἤκουσε Κῦρον ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ὄντα, he heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia (cf. § 279, 2, with N.); oтav kλúŋ §ovr' 'Opéστηy, when she hears that Orestes will come ; οἶδα οὐδὲν ἐπιστάμενος, I know that I understand nothing; οὐκ ᾔδεσαν αὐτὸν τεθνηκότα, they did not know that he was dead; ἐπειδὰν γνῶσιν ἀπιστούμενοι, after they find out that they are distrusted; μéμvŋpai éλ0wv, I remember that I went ;

μέμνημαι αὐτὸν ἐλθόντα, I remember that he went ; δείξω τοῦτον ἐχθρὸν ὄντα, I shall show that this man is an enemy (pass. οὗτος δειχθήσεται ἐχθρὸς ὤν); αὐτῷ Κῦρον στρατεύοντα πρῶτος ἤγγειλα, I first announced to him that Cyrus was on his march.

See § 246 and examples; and § 211 for examples of the participle with av representing both indicative and optative with är.

ΝΟΤΕ 1. Δῆλός εἰμι and φανερός εἰμι take the participle in indirect discourse, where we use an impersonal construction; as didos y oióμevos, &c., it was evident that he thought, &c. (like δῆλον ἦν ὅτι οἴοιτο).

NOTE 2. With σύνοιδα οι συγγιγνώσκω and a dative of the reflexive, a participle may be in either the nominative or dative; as σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ ήδικημένῳ (or ἠδικημένος), I am conscious to myself that I have been wronged.

NOTE 3. Most of the verbs included in § 280 may take a clause with or in indirect discourse. Most of them are found also with the infinitive. Oida takes the infinitive regularly when it means I know how; as οἶδα τοῦτο μαθεῖν, I know how to learn this but οἶδα TOUTO μalov, I know that I learned this).

NOTE 4. Os may be used before this participle in the sense explained in § 277, N. 2. The genitive absolute with os is sometimes found where we should expect the participle to agree with the object of the verb; as ὡς πολέμου ὄντος παρ ̓ ὑμῶν ἀπαγγελῶ; shall I announce from you that there is war? (lit. assuming that there is war, shall I announce it from you?), where we might have roleμov övтa with less emphasis, and in closer connection with the verb.

VERBAL ADJECTIVES IN -τέος AND -τέον.

§ 281. The verbal in -Téos has both a personal and an impersonal construction.

1. In the personal construction it is passive in sense, and expresses necessity, like the Latin participle in -dus. E.g.

Ωφελητέα σοι ἡ πόλις ἐστίν, the city must be benefited by you. AMλas μETATEμπтéаs elvαi (pn), he said that other (ships) must be sent for. Oléyw pηTéov Èσtív, what I say must be spoken.

The noun denoting the agent is here in the dative (§ 188, 4). See 2.

X

2. In the impersonal construction the verbal is in the neuter of the nominative singular (sometimes plural), with eorí expressed or understood. It is active in sense, and is equivalent to deĉ with the infinitive.

The agent is generally expressed by the dative, sometimes by the accusative. These verbals may have an

object like their verbs. E.g.

Ταῦτα ἡμῖν (or ἡμᾶς) ποιητέον ἐστίν, we must do this (equivalent to ταῦτα ἡμᾶς δεῖ ποιῆσαι, § 184, 2, Ν. 1). Οἰστέον τάδε, we must bear these things (sc. quiv). Tí av avтô πoinTéov ein; what would he be obliged to do? Εψηφίσαντο πολεμητέα εἶναι, they voted that they must go to war (= δεῖν πολεμεῖν). Τοὺς ξυμμάχους οὐ παραδοτέα τοῖς Αθηναίοις, we must not abandon our allies to the Athenians.

The Latin has this construction (but seldom with verbs which take an object accusative); as Eundum est tibi (iréov eorí σol),— Moriendum est omnibus, Bellum utendum est nobis (T TOλéμQ XpησTéov éσtìv ημîv), we must go to war. (See Madvig's Latin Grammar, § 421.)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.

§ 282. 1. All interrogative pronouns, pronominal adjectives, and adverbs can be used in both direct and indirect questions. The relative σrs and most other relative words may be used in indirect questions. (See § 149.)

2. The principal direct interrogative particles are and apa. These imply nothing as to the answer expected; but apa ov implies that an affirmative, åpa μn that a negative, answer is expected. O and μí alone are often used with the same force as with ἆρα. Το μῶν (for μὴ οὖν). E.g.

Η σχολὴ ἔσται ; will there be leisure? "Αρ' εἰσί τινες ἄξιαι ; are there any deserving ones ? 'Αρ' οὐ βούλεσθε ἐλθεῖν ; or οὐ βούλεσθε beîv; do you not wish to go (i.e. you wish, do you not)? Apa μǹ βούλεσθε ἐλθεῖν ; or μὴ (or μῶν) βούλεσθε ἐλθεῖν ; do you wish to go (you don't wish to go, do you)? This distinction between où and un does not apply to the interrogative subjunctive (§ 256), which allows only un.