da-. The term simple stem or stem (if there is but one) denotes the simplest form which appears in the conjugation of a verb, whether it is the same as the root or not.

3. The stems of verbs are called vowel stems or consonant stems, and the latter are called mute stems (including labial, palatal, and lingual stems) or liquid stems, according to their final letter. Thus we name the stems of φιλέω (φιλε-), λείπω (λειπ-, λίπ-), τρίβω (τρίβ-), γράφω (γράφ-), πλέκω (πλεκ-), φεύγω (φευγε, φύγ-), πείθω (πειθ-, πιθ-), φαίνω (φαιν-, φαν-), στέλλω (στελλ-, στελ-).

NOTE. A verb which has a vowel stem in all its tenses is called a pure verb ; and one which has a mute stem or a liquid stem in all its tenses is called a mute or a liquid verb.

4. It will be seen by the synopsis (§ 95) that even the single stem Av- appears in several modified forms in different tenses of λύω ; as λυ-, λυσ-, λελυκ-, and λυθε- (or λυθη-), enlarged to λυθησ-. In paive the simple stem par- appears also as φην-, πεφαν-, φανθε- (or φανθη-), φανε(η)-, and φανησε. In λείπω we find λειψ-, λελειπ-, λειφθε(η)- ; and λιπ- is modified in λε-λοιπ-. The form of stem which belongs to each tense (or group of tenses) is called a tense stem, and the forms of the verb which are based upon it constitute a tense system.

The following tense stems1 are distinguished in the Greek verb :

I. The PRESENT stem, of the present and imperfect of all voices ; as λύ- in λύω, ἔ-λυ-ον, λύ-ομαι, ἐ-λυ-όμην ; φαιν- in φαίν-ω, ἔφαιν-ον, &c. ; λειπ- in λείπ-ω, ἔλειπ-ον, λείπομαι, &c.

II. The FUTURE stem, of the future active and middle; as λύσ-, in λύσω, λύσ-ομαι; λειψ- in λείψω, λείψομαι; φανε- in (φανέτω) φανώ, (φανέ-ομαι) φανούμαι. The last form (in ε) belongs to liquid stems.

ɛ)

The term tense stem is here used, in conformity with general usage in elementary works, to denote the fixed form which (with certain internal modifications) is the basis of a tense. Strictly, the present stem of λéyw is Aey-a variable vowel (o or e); the aorist stem of Auw is Avσ- + a or e, &c.: see § 112, 4. This variable element is not included in the tense stems as they are here given.

III. The FIRST-AORIST stem, of the aorist active and middle; as λύσ- in ἔ-λυσ-α, ἐ-λυσ-ά-μην ; φην- in ἔ-φην-α, ἐ-φην-άμην. The last form (without r) belongs to liquid stems. . IV. The PERFECT 'stem, of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. Of this there are four forms: (α) The PerfectMiddle stem; as λελυ- in λέλυ-μαι and ἐλελύμην, λελειπ- in λέλειμ-μαι and ελελείμ-μην (§ 16, 3), πεφαν- in πέφασ-μαι and ἐπεφάσ-μην (§ 16, 6, Ν. 4). (6) The Perfect-Active stem; as λελυ-κ- in λέλυκ-a and ἐ-λελύκ-ειν, πεφαν-κ- (§ 16, 5)) in πέφαγ-κα and ἐ-πεφάγ-κειν. (c) The Future-Perfect stem; as λελύ-σ- in in λελύσ-ομαι, λελειψ- in λελείψομαι. (d) The Second-Perfect stem ; as λελοιπ- in λέλοιπα and ἐ-λελοίπειν, πεφην- in πέφηνα and ἐ-πεφήν-ειν.

V. The SECOND-AORIST stem, of the second aorist active and middle; as λίπ- in ἔ-λιπ-ον and ἐ-λιπ-όμην.

VI. The FIRST PASSIVE stem, of the first aorist and the first future passive; as (α) λυθε- (or λυθη-) in ἐ-λύθην and (λυθέ-ω) λυθῶ (subj.), λειφθε(η)- in ἐ-λείφθην and (λειφθέ-ω) λειφθῶ (subj.), φανθε(η)- in ἐ-φάνθην and (φανθέ-ω) φανθῶ (subj.) ; (6) λύθησ- in λυθήσομαι, λειφθησ- in λειφθήσομαι.

VII. The SECOND PASSIVE stem, of the second aorist and the second future passive; as (α) φάνε (η)- in ἐφάνη-ν and (φανέ-ω) φανῶ (subj.) ; (6) φανησ in φανήσομαι.

NOTE. The three verbs λύω, λείπω, and φαίνω, from which the preceding examples are taken, give a general idea of the most common forms which the seven tense stems assume.

5. The principal parts of a Greek verb (by giving which we describe the verb) are the first person singular of the present, future, first aorist, and (first or second) perfect indicative active, the perfect and (first or second) aorist indicative passive, with the second aorist (active or middle) when one

Λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, ἐλύθην.

Λείπω, λείψω, λέλοιπα, λέλειμμαι, ἐλείφθην, ἔλιπον.

Φαίνω, φανῶ, ἔφηνα, πέφαγκα (and πέφηνα), πέφασμαι, ἐφάνθην (and ἐφάνην).

Πράσσω, do, πράξω, ἔπραξα, πέπραχα (2 pf. πέπρᾶγα), πέπραγμαι, επράχθην.

Στέλλω, send, στελῶ, ἔστειλα, ἔσταλκα, ἔσταλμαι, ἐστάλην.

We thus give every tense system which is in use, with two tenses formed from the perfect stem. Verbs with two perfects active, like Прáσσ, or with two aorists passive, like paívo, are very rare.

6. In deponent verbs the principal parts are the present, future, perfect, and aorist (or aorists) indicative. E.g. Βούλομαι, wish, βουλήσομαι, βεβούλημαι, ἐβουλήθην.

Γίγνομαι, become, γενήσομαι, γεγένημαι, ἐγενόμην.
(Αἰδέομαι) αἰδοῦμαι, respect, αἰδέσομαι, ᾔδεσμαι, ᾐδέσθην.
Σκέπτομαι, υἱεω, σκέψομαι, ἔσκεμμαι, ἐσκεψάμην.

Conjugation.

§ 93. 1. To conjugate a verb is to give all its voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons in their proper order.

2. These various parts of the verb are formed as follows:

(a). By modifications of the stem itself in forming the different tense stems (§ 92, 4). These are explained in §§ 107-111.

(b). In all cases, by adding certain syllables to the tense stems; as in λύ-ομεν, λύσετε, λέλυται, λελύκ-ατε. These syllables and their composition are explained in §§ 112-117.

(c). In the secondary tenses of the indicative, by also prefixing & to the tense stem (if this begins with a consonant), or lengthening its initial vowel (if it begins with a short vowel); as in ἔ-λυον, ἔλυσε, ἐ-φήνατο, ε-λελύκειν, and in ήκου-ον, kovo-a, imperfect and aorist of ȧkovw, to hear. This prefix or lengthening does not belong to the tense stem, but disappears in the dependent moods and in the participle.

A prefx, seen in λε- of λέλυκα and λέλειμμαι, in πε- of Tépaσμaι, and ɛ of ëσraλμai (§ 97, 4), for which a lengthening of the initial vowel is found in ἤλλαγμαι (αλλαγ-) from ȧMáoow (§ 97, 4), belongs to the perfect tense stem, and remains in all the moods and in the participle.

These prefixes and lengthenings (c), called augment (increase), are explained in §§ 99-106.

3. There are two principal forms of conjugation of Greek verbs, that of verbs in w and that of verbs

in μια

The

NOTE. Verbs in uu form a small class, compared with those in w, and are distinguished in their inflection almost exclusively in the present and second-aorist systems, in the other systems agreeing with verbs in w. conjugation of the latter is therefore given first, and under this head are stated the general principles which belong equally to both conjugations.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN Ω.

§ 94. The present stem of a verb in w is found by dropping w of the present indicative active, or oua of the present indicative middle ; as λύω (λυ-), λείπω (λειπ-), πράσσω (πρασσ-); βούλομαι (βουλ-), γίγνομαι ((γιγν-).

NOTE. The simple stem, when there is one distinct from the present stem, must be learnt by observation and by familiarity with the principles upon which the present stem is formed from the simple stem (§ 108).

§ 95. 1. The following synopses include:

I. All the tenses of Xúw, loose.

II. All the tenses of Xeinw, leave, the second perfect and pluperfect active and the second aorist active and middle being in heavy-faced type.

III. All the tenses of paívw, show; the future and aorist active and middle and the second aorist and second future passive being in heavy-faced type.

The synopsis of λów, and the forms in heavier type in the synopses of enw and paivw, thus show the full conjugation of the verb in w, and only these forms are inflected in § 96. For the peculiar inflection of the perfect and pluperfect middle and passive of verbs with consonant stems, see § 97.

NOTE. The paradigms in § 96 include the perfect imperative active of λύω, λείπω, and φαίνω, although it is hardly possible that this tense can actually have been formed in any of these verbs. As it occurs, however, in some verbs (§ 118, 2, Note), it is here given to complete the illustration of the forms. For the perfect subjunctive and optative active, which are more common in periphrastic forms, see § 118, 1. For the quantity of v in Auw, see § 109, 1, N. 1.