D. Ρ. τ S. D. § 2. (τιμάου) τιμῶ § 2. (τιμάεσθον) τιμᾶσθον (φιλέου) φιλοῦ (δηλώου) δηλοῦ (φιλέεσθον) φιλεῖσθον (δηλόεσθον) δηλοῦσθον (τιμάεσθαι) τιμᾶσθαι (φιλέεσθαι) φιλεῖσθαι (δηλόεσθαι) δηλοῦσθαι Present Participle. (τιμαύμενος) τιμώμενος (φιλεόμενος) φιλούμενος (δηλούμενος) δηλούμενος 1. (ἐτιμαόμην) ἐτιμώμην 3. (ἐτιμάετο) ἐτιμᾶτο 2. (ἐτιμάεσθον) ἐτιμᾶσθον [3. (ἐτιμαέσθην ἐτιμάσθην Imperfect. ἐφιλεόμην) ἐφιλούμην (ἐδηλούμην) ἐδηλούμην 1. (ἐτιμαόμεθα) ἐτιμώμεθα ἐφιλεόμεθα) ἐφιλούμεθα (ἐδηλούμεθα) ἐδηλούμεθα Ρ. 2. (ἐτιμάεσθε) ἐτιμᾶσθε (ἐφιλέεσθε) ἐφιλεῖσθε (ἐδηλόεσθε) ἐδηλοῦσθε 3. (ἐτιμάοντο) ἐτιμῶντο (ἐφιλέοντο) ἐφιλοῦντο (ἐδηλύοντο) δηλοῦντο REMARK. The uncontracted forms of these tenses are never used in Attic Greek. Those of verbs in aw sometimes occur in Homer; those of verbs in ew are common in Homer and Herodotus; but those of verbs in ow are never used. NOTE 1. Dissyllabic verbs in ew contract only ee and eeɩ. Thus πλέω, sail, has pres. πλέω, πλεῖς, πλεῖ, πλεῖτον, πλέομεν, πλεῖτε, πλέουσι : imperf. ἔπλεον, ἔπλεις, ἔπλει, &c. ; infin. πλεῖν ; partic. πλέων. Aéw, bind, is the only exception, and is contracted in most forms; aς δοῦσι, δοῦμαι, δοῦνται. Δέω, want, is contracted like πλέω. NOTE 2. A few verbs in aw have ŋ for a in the contracted forms; as διψάω, διψῶ, thirst, διψῇς, διψῇ, διψῆτε; imperf. ἐδίψων, ἐδίψης, ἐδίψη ; infin. dv. So jáw, live, neiáw, hunger, xpáw, give oracles, with χράομαι. NOTE 3. Piyów, shiver, has infinitive peyv (with the regular piyoûv), and other similar forms with w. NOTE 4. The third person singular of the imperfect active does not take movable in the contracted form; thus epiλee or épíλeev gives ἐφίλει (never ἐφίλειν). ע NOTE 5. The present infinitive active of verbs in aw and ow (in av and ovv, not av and oîv) is probably contracted from old forms in aev and oev. AUGMENT. § 99. 1. In the secondary tenses of the indicative, and in the perfect and future perfect of all the moods and the participle, the stem of the verb receives an augment (i.e. increase) at the beginning. 2. There are three kinds of augment, syllabic augment, temporal augment, and reduplication. (a) The syllabic augment prefixes e to verbs beginning with a consonant ; as λύω, ἔλυον. (b) The temporal augment lengthens or otherwise modifies the first syllable of verbs beginning with a vowel or a diphthong; as yw, lead, yov; oikéo, οἰκῶ, dwell, ᾤκησα. (c) The reduplication prefixes the initial consonant followed by e in forming the perfect stem of verbs beginning with a consonant; as, λύω, λέ-λυκα; γράφω, write, γέγραφα. For Attic reduplication, see § 102. REMARK. There is an important distinction between the augment of the imperfect and aorist, which does not belong to the tense stem and never appears except in the indicative, and the reduplication or other augment of the perfect and future perfect, which belongs to the perfect stem, and is therefore retained in all the moods and the participle. Imperfect and Aorist Indicative. § 100. 1. The imperfect and aorist indicative of verbs beginning with a consonant have the syllabic augment e. E.g. Λίω, ἔλυον, ἔλυσα, ἐλυόμην, ἐλυσάμην, ἐλύθην ; γράφω, write, ἔγραφον, ἔγραψα, ἐγράφην ; ῥίπτω, throw, ἔρριπτον, ἐρρίφην (for pp see § 15). For the pluperfect of these verbs, see § 101, 4. 2. The imperfect and aorist indicative of verbs beginning with a short vowel have the temporal augment, which lengthens the initial vowel; ǎ and e become n, and i, o, u become i, w, u. E.g. η, "Αγω, lead, ἦγον, ἤχθην ; ἐλαύνω, drive, ἤλαυνον ; ἱκετεύω (ι), implore, ἱκέτευον (ι), ἱκέτευσα (ι); ὀνειδίζω, reproach, ὠνείδιζον; ὑβρίζω (3), insult, ὑβρίσθην (5); ἀκολουθέω, accompany, ἠκολούθησα, ὀρθόω, erect, ὤρθωσα. For the augment of verbs beginning with a diphthong, see § 103. NOTE 1. If the initial vowel is already long, no change takes place in it, except that a generally becomes ʼn by augment; as dλéw (a0- contr. from ȧe0-), struggle, oλŋva. η NOTE 2. Bouλopai, wish, dúvapai, be able, and péλλw, intend, often add the temporal augment to the syllabie; as ἐβουλόμην or ἠβουλόμην, ἐβουλήθην οι ἠβουλήθην ; ἐδυνάμην οι ἠδυνάμην, ἐδυνήθην οι ἠδυνή θην; ἔμελλον οι ἤμελλον. NOTE 3. The second aorist active and middle sometimes has a reduplication in Homer ; as πέπιθον from πείθω (πιθ-), persuade. NOTE 4. "Ayw, lead, has a second aorist with a kind of Attic reduplication (§ 102), ἤγαγον (ἀγ-αγ-), which adds the temporal augment in the indicative; with subj. ἀγάγω, opt. ἀγάγοιμι, inf. ἀγαγεῖν, part. ἀγαγών ; mid. ἠγαγόμην, ἀγάγωμαι, &c. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect. § 101. 1. Most verbs beginning with a consonant augment the perfect and future perfect in all their forms by prefixing that consonant followed by e. This is called reduplication. E.g. Λύω, λέ-λυκα, λέ-λυμαι, λε-λυκέναι, λελυκώς, λελυμένος; γράφω, γέγραφα, γεγράφθαι. ο θύω, sacrifice, τέ-θυκα (§ 17, 2); φαίνω (φάν-), show, πέ-φασμαι, πε-φάνθαι; χαίνω, gape, κέ-χηνα. NOTE. Five verbs have e as augment in the perfect instead of the reduplication : λαγχάνω (λαχ-), obtain by lot, εἴληχα, εἴληγμαι ; λαμβάνω (λαβ-), take, εἴληφα, εἴλημμαι ; see also in the Catalogue λέγω, gather, μείρομαι, obtain, and εἴρηκα (under εἶπον), have said. 2. Verbs beginning with two consonants (except a mute and a liquid), with a double consonant (ζ, ξ, ψ), or with p have the simple syllabic augment e in ρ all forms of the perfect and future perfect. Eg. Στέλλω, send, ἔσταλκα ; ζητέω, seek, ἐζήτηκα; ψεύδω, lie, ἔψευσμαι, ἐψευσμένος ; ρίπτω, throw, ἔρριμμαι, ἐρρίφθαι (for pp see § 15). NOTE 1. Verbs beginning with yv, and some others beginning with a mute and a liquid, take instead of the reduplication; as γνωρίζω, recognize, ἐγνώρικα ; γιγνώσκω (γνο-), Inow, ἔγνωκα. ΝΟΤΕ 2. Μιμνήσκω (μνα-), remind, has μέμνημαι (memini), remember, and κτάομαι, acquire, has both κέκτημαι and ἔκτημαι, possess. 3. Verbs beginning with a short vowel have the temporal augment in all forms of the perfect and future perfect. E.g. "Αγω, lead, ἦχα, ηγμαι, ἠγμένος; ἀκολουθέω, follow, ἠκολούθηκα, ἠκολουθηκέναι ; ὀρθόω, erect, ὤρθωμαι; ὁρίζω, bound, ὥρικα, ὥρισμαι; ἀτιμόω, dishonour, ἠτίμωκα, ᾐτίμωμαι, fut. pf. ἠτιμώσομαι; but the future perfect is very rare in verbs which have the temporal augment. 4. When the perfect has the reduplication, the pluperfect generally prefixes to this the syllabic augment e. But when the perfect has the syllabic augment e (or e) or the temporal augment, the pluperfect and the perfect are augmented alike. E.g. Λύω, λέλυκα, ἐλελύκειν, λέλυμαι, ἐλελύμην; στέλλω, ἔσταλκα, ἐστάλκειν, ἔσταλμαι, ἐστάλμην; λαμβάνω, εἴληφα, εἰλήφειν; ἀγγέλλω, announce, ἤγγελκα, ἠγγέλκειν, ἤγγελμαι, ἠγγέλμην. NOTE. The reduplicated pluperfect sometimes omits the additional syllabic augment; as πεπόνθεσαν, πεπτώκεσαν. Attic Reduplication. § 102. Some verbs beginning with a, e, or o augment the perfect and pluperfect by prefixing their first two letters to the common temporal augment. This is called the Attic reduplication. E.g. ̓Αρόω, plough, ἀρ-ήρομαι ; ἐμέω, vomit, ἐμήμεκα; ἐλέγχω, prove, ἐλήλεγμαι, ἐληλέγμην ; ἐλαύνω (έλα-), drive, ἐλήλακα, ἐλήλαμαι ; ἀκούω, hear, ἀκήκοα. Other verbs which have the Attic reduplication are ἀγείρω, ἀλείφω, ἀλέω, ἐγείρω, ἐρείδω, ἔρχομαι, ἐσθίω, ὄλλυμι, ὄμνυμι, ὀρύττω, φέρω. ΝΟΤΕ 1. Εγείρω (ἐγερ-), rouse, has second perfect ἐγρήγορα (for ἐγ-ηγορ-α, cf. § 109, 3), but ἐγήγερμαι. NOTE 2. The pluperfect rarely takes an augment in addition to the Attic reduplication. But ἀκούω, hear, ἀκήκοα, generally las ήκηκύειν in Attic. Augment of Diphthongs. § 103. Verbs beginning with a diphthong take the temporal augment on the first vowel of the diphthong, at or a becoming 7, ou becoming . E.g.. Αἰτέω, ask, ᾔτησα; οἰκέω, dwell, ᾤκησα, ᾠκημένος; αὐξάνω, increase, ηὔξησα, ηὔξημαι, ηὐξήθην ; ᾄδω, sing, ᾔδον. NOTE. Ou is never, e and ev are seldom, augmented. |