V. (Second Aorist Stem.) The stem of the second aorist active and middle is the simple stem of the verb, to which the second aorist stands in the same relation in which the imperfect stands to the present stem; ας λείπω (λίπ-), 2 aor. ἔλιπον, ἐλιπόμην (impf. ἔλειπον, ἐλειπόμην); λαμβάνω (λαβ-), take, 2 aor. ἔλαβον, ἐλαβόμην.

VI. (First Passive Stem.) The stem of the first aorist passive. is formed by adding e to the stem as it appears (omitting the reduplication or augment) in the perfect middle or passive, with all its modifications (IV. α): in the indicative, imperative, and infinitive, θε becomes On. In the future passive σ is added to on, making the stem in θησ. E.g.

Λύω, λέλυ-μαι, ἐλύθην (λυθη-), (λυθέ-ω) λυθῶ, λυθείην, λυθῆναι, λυθείς (λυθε-ντ-), λυθήσομαι; πράσσω (πρᾶγ-), πέπραγ-μαι, ἐπράχο θην (§ 16, 1), πραχθήσομαι; πείθω, persuade, πέπεισμαι (§ 16, 3; § 108, II. Note), ἐπείσθην, πεισθήσομαι ; φιλέω, πε-φίλη-μαι (§ 109, 1), ἐφιλήθην ; τιμάω, τε-τίμη-μαι, ἐτιμήθην, τιμηθήσομαι; τελέω, τετέλεσ-μαι (§ 109, 2), ἐτελέσθην, τελεσθήσομαι ; κλίνω, κέκλι-μαι (§ 109, 6), ἐκλί-θην, κλιθήσομαι ; τείνω (τεν-), τέτα-μαι (§ 109, 4 and 6), ἐτάθην, ἐκ-ταθήσομαι.

ΝΟΤΕ. Τρέπω has τέτραμμαι, ἐτρέφθην ; τρέφω has τέθραμμαι, ἐθρέφθην. Φαίνω has πέρασμαι (§ 16, 6, Ν. 4), but ἐφάνθην.

For ἐτέθην (for ἐθε-θην), from τίθημι (θε-), and ἐτύθην (for ἐθνθην) from θύω, sacrifice, see § 17, 2, Note.

Ε

VII. (Second Passive Stem.) The stem of the second aorist passive is formed by adding e to the simple stem: in the indicative, imperative, and infinitive, e becomes η. In the second future passive σ is added to this 7, making the stem in ησ. The only regular modification of the stem is the change of e to ă explained in § 109, 4. E.g.

Βλάπτω (βλάβ-), hurt, ἐβλάβην, βλαβήσομαι ; γράφω, urite, ἐγράφην, γραφήσομαι; ῥίπτω (ῥιφ-), throw, ἐρρίφην ; φαίνω (φάν-), show, ἐφάνην, φανήσομαι; στρέφω, turn, ἐστράφην, στραφήσομαι. See the examples in § 109, 4.

NOTE. The only verb which has both the second aorist passive and the second aorist active is τρέπω, turn, which has all the six aorists.

§ 111. The following table shows the seven tense-stems (so far as they exist) of λύω, λείπω (λίπ-), πράσσω (πράγ-), φαίνω (φάν-), and στέλλω (στελ-).

First (α.) 1 Aor. λύθε(η)- λειφθε(η)- πραχθε(η)- φανθε(η)

VI. {Pass.

VII.

Pass. ) (b.) 1 Fut. λύθησε λειφθησε πραχθησε

[ 2nd ι (α.) 2 Aor.

Pass. (b.) 2 Fut.

φάνε(η)- σταλε(η).

φάνησε στάλησα

PERSONAL ENDINGS.

§ 112. 1. The endings which are peculiar to the different persons of the verb are called personal endings. These have one form for the active voice, and another for the passive and middle; but the aorist passive has the endings of the active voice.

2. The personal endings, which are most distinctly preserved in verbs in μ and other primitive forms, are as follows:

NOTE. The active endings μ and σ in the first and third person singular are not used in the indicative except in verbs in μ, verbs in @ having no endings in these persons. The original ending σɩ of the second person singular is found only in the Epic éo-oí, thou art, in all other verbs being reduced to σ. In the third person singular τι is Doric, as τίθη-τι for τίθησι ; and it is preserved in Attic in ἐστί, he is. In the first person plural μes is Doric. In the third person plural vot always drops and lengthens the preceding vowel, as in λύουσι for λυο-νσι (§ 16, 6); the original form ντι is Doric, as φέροντι for pépovo (Lat. ferunt). The perfect indicative active of all verbs, and the present indicative active of verbs in μɩ (§ 121, 2, d), have ão (for avoi) in the third person plural.1

3. In the perfect and pluperfect passive and middle, and in both aorists passive (except in the subjunctive and optative), the endings are added directly to the tense stem ; as λέλυ-μαι, λέλυσαι, λέλυται, λέλυνται, ἐ-λελύμην ; ἐ-λύθην, ἐ-λύθης, ἐ-λύθη, ἐ-λύθησαν (§ 111).

So also in verbs in μ, in most of the forms which are peculiar to that conjugation (§ 121, 1); as pa-μév, φατέ, from φημί (φᾶ-), say ; ἵσταμαι, ἵστα-σαι, ἵσταται, ἵστανται, from ἵστημι, set (§ 123).

4. In other parts of the verb the tense stem appears in a prolonged form, consisting of the fixed portion and a variable vowel (sometimes a diphthong), to which the endings are affixed. This formation will be seen by a comparison of the present indicative middle of τίθημι (τιθε-) with that of φιλέω (φιλε-) in its uncontracted (Ionic) form :—

1 A comparison of the various forms of the present indicative of the primitive verb be (whose original stem is as-, in Greek and Latin es-), as it appears in Sanskrit, the older Greek, Latin, Old Slavic, and Lithuanian (the most primitive modern language, still spoken on the Baltic), will illustrate the Greek verbal endings.

1. s-mas

éo-μév (Dor. eipés) [e]s-u-mus yes-mi es-me

Compare also the perfect λέλυ-μαι, λέλυται, λέ-λυ σθε, λέλυνται (§ 112, 3), with the present λύομαι, λύεται, λύεσθε, λύονται. The vowel which thus completes the stem is called a connecting vowel; and it appears (sometimes with o and lengthened to w and ει) even when the ending is dropped (§ 113, 1), as in λέγω (for λεγο-μι) and λέγει (for λεγε-τι).

Indicative.

§ 113. 1. The original connecting vowel in the indicative of verbs in @ (except in the aorist active and middle, and the perfect and pluperfect active) was o before μ or v, and elsewhere €. In the singular of the present and future active, when μ and T were dropped and σι became σ (§ 112, 2, Note), the primitive o and e were lengthened into w and e.

The connecting vowel is a in all persons of the first aorist middle; also in the perfect and first aorist active, except in the third person singular where it is In the pluperfect active it is a; but in the third person plural it is e (rarely ει).

Ε.

2. The personal endings of the indicative, as they appear in verbs in w united with the connecting vowels, are as follows:

By adding these terminations to the unprolonged tense stems as they are given in § 111, all the tenses of the indicative, except those included in § 112, 3, may be formed. The latter may be formed by adding the personal endings given in § 112, 2, directly to the tense stems.

NOTE 1. The endings oat and oo in the second person singular of the passive and middle drop σ after a connecting vowel, and are then contracted with the connecting vowel. Thus, Aún or λue is for λυεσαι, λύεαι (εαι becoming et as well as n); ἐλύου is for ἐλυεσο, ἐλύεο ; ἐλύσω (aorist middle) is for έλυσασο, ἐλύσας. The uncontracted forms (without σ) are found in Homer (§ 119, 2).

NOTE 2. The second person βούλει (of βούλομαι, wish), οἴει (of οἴομαι, think), and ὄψει (of ὄψομαι, fut. of ὁράω, see) have no forms

in ?.

Subjunctive.

§ 114. The Subjunctive has the primary endings with long connecting vowels, w, n, and for w (or o), e, and e of the indicative, as follows:

For the perfect subjunctive passive and middle see § 118, 1. NOTE 1. The aorist passive subjunctive (both first and second), which does not omit the connecting vowel (§ 112, 3), has the active