NOTE. Homer has ἴδμεν for ἴσμεν in perf. ; ᾔδεα, ᾔδεε, ᾐδέατε, and ἠείδης, ἠείδη, ἴσαν, in pluperfect ; ἴδμεναι and ἴδμεν in infn.; ἰδυῖα for ειδυία in the participle; and fut. εἰδήσω. PART III. FORMATION OF WORDS. § 128. 1. (Simple and Compound Words.) A simple word is formed from a single stem; as λóyos (from stem λey-), speech, ypápw, (ypap-), write. A compound word is formed by combining two or more stems; as λoyoγράφος, (λογος, γραφ-), writer of speeches. 2. (Verbals and Denominatives.) (a) When a noun or adjective is formed directly from a root (§ 32, Note), or from a stem which appears as the stem of a verb, it is called a verbal or primitive; as ȧpxý (stem apxa-), beginning, formed from ἀρχ, stem of ἄρχω ; γραφεύς, (γραφευ), writer, γράμμα (γραμματ), written document, yрapikós (ypapiko-), able to write, all from ypap-, stem of γράφω, write ; ποιητής, poet (maker), ποίησις, poesy, πоíη-μа, poem, Tоin-TiKós, able to make, from Tole-, stem of Toléw, make so díkη (dikα-), justice, from the root δικ- ; κακός, bad, from κακ-. : (b) When a noun, adjective, or verb is formed from the stem of a noun or adjective, it is called a denominative or derivative; as Baoiλeía, kingdom, from βασιλε(ν)- (§ 53, 3, Ν. 1); ἀρχαῖος, ancient, from ἀρχα(stem of ἀρχή) ; δικαιοσύνη, justice, from δικαιο- ; τιμάω, honour, from τιμα, stem of the noun τιμή. 3. (Suffixes.) Roots or stems are developed into new stems by the addition of syllables (not themselves stems) called suffixes. Thus in § 128, 2, final a- in apxa-, evin γραφεν, ιδ- in γραφιδ-, μα- in γραμμα-, ματ in γραμμаT-, IKо- in yрapiko-, &c. are suffixes. NOTE 1. The final consonant of a stem is subject to the same euphonic changes before a suffix as before an ending (§ 16); as in γράμμα for γραφ-μα (§ 16, 3). NOTE 2. The final vowel of a stem is sometimes lengthened or modified and sometimes dropped before a suffix. An interior vowel may also be modified; as in Xóy-o-s (λéy-). SIMPLE WORDS. I.—NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND ADVERBS. § 129. The chief suffixes by which the stems of nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are formed are as follows:— NOUNS. 1. The simplest and most common suffixes are o- (nom. os or ov) and ɑ- (nom. ɑ or 7). Nouns thus formed have a great variety of meanings; as λóyo-s (oy-o-), speech, from Xey- (stem of λéyw, § 128, 3, N. 2); μáx-n (μax-a-), battle, from pax- (stem of páxoμai, fight); τρόπος, turn, from τρεπ- (stem of τρέπω, turn). 2. (Agent.) The following suffixes denote the agent in verbals, and the person concerned with anything in denominatives :— (α) ευ- (nom. εύς) : γραφεύς, writer, from γραφ- (γράφω); γον-εύ-ς, parent, from yev-; iππ-eú-s, horseman, from inπо- (TOS). See § 128, 3, N. 2.) (δ) τηρ- (nom. τήρ): σωτήρ, saviour, from σω- (σώω, σώζω, save). Top- (nom. Top): phτwp, orator, from pe- (épéw, èpw, shall say). Tа- (nom. Tηs): Toinτns, poet (maker), from Tole- (TOLÉW). To these correspond the following feminine forms :-Teɩpa- (nom. τειρα), τρια- (nom. τρια), τριδ. (nom. τρίς), τιδ. (nom. τις). 3. (Action.) These suffixes denote action (in verbals only) :— 4. (Result.) These suffixes denote the result of an action :— ματ. (nom. μα, neut.): πράγμα, thing, act, from πραγ- (πράσσω, do); pua, saying (thing said), from pe- (fut. épô). E-(nom. os, neut.): λáxos (λaxeo-), lot, from λax- (λayxávw, gain by lot); γενος (γενεσ-), race, from γεν- γέγονα, § 128, 3, Ν. 2). 5 (Means or Instrument.) This is denoted by Tро- (nom. Tрov, Latin trum): äpо-трov, plough, aratrum, from ȧpo(ἀρόω, plough); λύτρον, ransom, from λυ- (λύω). 6. (Place.) This is denoted by these suffixes: Tηpio- (nom. Thptov, only verbals): dikaσ-Tηptov, court-house, from δικαδ- (δικάζω, judge). Elo- (nom. eîov, only denom.): Koupeîov, barber's shop, from KoVpeú-s, barber. wv- (nom. ov, masc., only denom.): åvdpwv, men's apartment, from ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός, man; ἀμπελών, vineyard, from ἄμπελος, vine. 7. (Quality.) Nouns denoting quality are formed by TMητ- (nom. TMŋs, fem.): veó-tηs (veoTηT-), youth, from véo-s, young. συνα- (nom. σύνη, fem.) : δικαιο-σύνη, justice, from δίκαιο-s, just. ια. (nom. a, fem.) : σοφία, wisdom (σοφός), κακία, vice (κακός). eo- (nom. os, neut. 3 decl.): ráx-os, speed (raxis, swift). 8. (Diminutives.) These are formed from noun stems by Lo- (nom. Lov, neut.): maid-iov, little child, from raid- (πaîs, child); κηπ-ίον, little garden (κῆπος). Sometimes also ιδιο-, αριο-, υδριο-, υλλιο(all with nom. in cov): oik-ídɩov, little house (oikos). ισκο- (nom. ίσκος, masc.) and ισκα (nom, ίσκη, fem.): παιδίσκος, young boy, παιδίσκη, young girl; so νεανίσκος, νεανίσκη. 9. (Patronymics.) These denote descent from a parent or ancestor, and are formed from proper names by the following suffixes :— Sa- (nom. dns, masc. paroxytone) and 8- (nom. s for ds, fem. oxytone); after a consonant sa- and is- (nom. tồŋs and is). (a) Stems of the first declension (in a) add da- and d- directly; as Boped-ons, son of Boreas, and Bopeá-s, gen. Bopeá-dos, daughter of Boreas, from Bopéas, Boreas. (b) Stems of the second declension generally drop the final o and add ίδα- and ιδ- ; as Πριαμίδης, son of Priam, Πριαμ-ίς, gen. Πριαμίδος, daughter of Priam, from IIpíaμo-s. (c) Stems of the third declension add da- and d-, those in ev dropping u before ; as Keкроn-ions, son (or descendant) of Cecrops, KEкроn-is, gen. ídos, daughter of Cecrops, from Kéкpoy, gen. KékрOnos; 'Arpeions, son of Atreus, from 'Arpeú-s, gen. 'Atpe-ws. 10. (Gentiles.) These designate a person as belonging to some country or town, and are formed by the following suffixes:ev- (nom. eús, masc.): 'Eperpieus, Eretrian ('Eperpic). Tα- (nom. τŋs, masc. parox.): Teyeá-rns, of Tegea (Teyća). S.G. 10 ADJECTIVES. 11. The simplest adjective suffixes are o- and a- (nom masc. os; fem. η, a, or os ; neut. or): σοφ-ός, σοφή, σοφών, uise; κακ-ός, bad. 12. Adjectives signifying belonging or related in any way to a person or thing are formed from noun stems by the suffix to- (nom. ιος): οὐράνιος, heavenly οὐρανός), δίκαιος, just (δικα-), Αθηναῖος, Athenian ('Aovai, stem 'Aðŋva-). 13. (a) Verbals denoting ability or fitness are formed by co(nom. kós), sometimes TIKO- (TIKós): ȧpx-ɩKós, fit to rule (ãpxw), γραφικός, capable of writing or painting (γράφω), πρακτικός, μt for action (practical), from #рay- (πрáσσw). (b) Denominatives thus formed denote relation, like adjectives in ιος (12); πολεμικός, of war, warlike (πόλεμος), βασιλικός, lingly (βασιλεύς), φυσικός, natural (φύσις). 14. Adjectives denoting material are formed by wo- (nom. wvos, proparox.), as Xib-wos, of stone (λíðos);—and eo- (nom. eos, contr. οὓς), 25 χρύσεως, χρυσούς, golden (χρυσώς). 15. Those denoting fulness (chiefly poetic) are formed by evт(nom. εις, εσσα, εν) ή χαρίεις, graceful (χάρις), gen. χαρίεντος. 16. Inclination or tendency is expressed by μov- (nom. μov, pov); μvýpov, mindful (uvnμn, memory), Tλn-μov, enduring (rλáw, endure). 17. Other adjective suffixes are vo-, λo-, po-, μo-, or σuo-, all with nom. in os; eσ- with nom. in ŋs, es. ADVERBS. 18. Most adverbs are formed from adjectives (see §§ 74, 75). Some are formed from noun or verb stems by adding (α) δόν (or δά), ηδόν: ἀνα-φαν-δόν, openly (ἀνα-φαίνω, φαν-) ; κυν-ηδόν, like a dog (kvwv, gen. kuv-ós). (6) δην οι άδην : κρύβδην, secretly (κρύπτω, conceal); συλλήβ-δην, collectively (συλλαμβάνω, λαβ-, § 128, 3, Ν. 2). (c) τί: ὀνομασ-τί, by name (ὀνομάζω, ὀνομαδ-, § 16, 1). II. DENOMINATIVE VERBS. § 130. A verb whose stem is derived from the stem of a noun or adjective is called a denominative (§ 128, 2, b). The following are the principal terminations of such verbs. |