1. aw (stem in a-): Tiμáw, honour, from noun ruń (τiμa-), honour. 2. εω (ε-) : ἀριθμέω, count, from ἀριθμός, number. 3. Φω (ο-): μισθόω, let for hire, from μισθό-s, pay. COMPOUND WORDS. (A) FIRST PART OF A COMPOUND WORD, § 131. 1. When the first part of a compound is a noun or adjective, only its stem appears in the compound. Before a consonant, stems of the first declension generally change final a to o; those of the second declension retain o; and those of the third add o. Before a vowel, stems of the first and second declension drop a or o. E.g. Θαλασσο-κράτωρ (θαλασσα-), ruler of the sea, χορο-διδάσκαλος (χορο-), chorus-teacher, аidо-тρíßηs (παid-), trainer of boys (in gymnastics), κεφαλαλγής (κεφαλα-), causing headache, χορηγός (χορο-), choregus (originally chorus-director); so ixovo-payos (ixov-), fish-eater, puoioXóyos, enquiring into nature. There are many exceptions to these principles. 2. Compounds of which the first part is a verb are chiefly poetic. The verb stem may appear without change or with σ added before a vowel, and with e, (sometimes σ), or o added before a consonant. E.g. Πείθ-αρχος, obedient to authority; πλήξ-ιππος (πληγ-), horse-lashing ; μεν-ε-πτόλεμος, steadfast in battle; ἀρχ-ι-τέκτων, master-builder; λιπó-yapos, marriage-leaving (adulterous). 3. A preposition or an adverb may be the first part of a compound word; as in po-ẞáλλw, throw before, deAoyía, continual talking, ev-yevýs, well-born. 4. The following inseparable particles are used only as prefixes : (a) av- (a- before a consonant), called alpha privative, prefixed to nouns and adjectives, with a negative force, like English un-, Latin in-; as ȧv-eλeúbepos, unfree, av-aidns, shameless, av-ópolos, unlike, a-rais, childless, a-ypapos, unwritten, ä-Oeos, godless. (b) Svo-, ill (opposed to ev, well), denoting difficulty or trouble; as dúл-Tороs, hard to pass (opposed to εὔπορος); δυστυχής, unfortunate (opposed to εὐ τυχής). (c) vn- (Latin ne), a poetic negative prefix; as výTowos, unavenged; vn-μepτýs, unerring. (d) - (Latin semi-), half; as μí-Oeos, demigod. (B.) LAST PART OF A COMPOund Word. 5. At the beginning of the last part of a compound noun or adjective, ă, e, or o (unless it is lengthened by position) is generally lengthened to ŋ or w. E.g. Στρατηγός (στρατός, ἄγω), general; ὑπήκοος (ὑπό, ἀκούω), obedient ; ἐπώνυμος (ἐπί, ὄνομα), naming or named for. (See § 12, 2.) 6. The last part of a compound noun or adjective may be changed in form when a suffix is added (§ 129). E.g. Φιλότιμος (τιμή), honour-loving; πολυ-πράγμων (πρᾶγμα), meddlesome; αὐτάρκης (αυτός, ἀρκέω, suffice), self-sufficient; ἀναιδής (αἰδέομαι), shameless ; λιθοβολία (λίθος, βυλή), stone-throwing. 7. A compound verb can be formed directly only by prefixing a preposition to a verb; as poσ-áyw, bring to. Indirect compounds (denominatives) are formed from compound nouns or adjectives, which themselves may be compounded in various ways; as λiloßoλéw, throw stones, denom. from Alo-ẞóλos, stone-thrower; KaTηyopéw, accuse, from κaτ-yopos, accuser (cf. 5). See § 105, N. 2. (C) MEANING OF COMPOUNDS. § 132. Compound nouns and adjectives are of three classes, distinguished by the relation of the parts of the compound to each other and to the whole. 1. Objective compounds are those composed of a noun and a verb, adjective, or preposition, in which the noun stands to the other part in some relation (commonly that of object) which could be expressed by an oblique case of the noun. E.g. Λογο-γράφος, speech-writer (λόγους γράφων); μισάνθρωπος, manhating (μισῶν ἀνθρώπους); στρατηγός, general (army-leading, στρατὸν ἄγων); ἀξιό-λογος, worthy of mention (ἄξιος λόγου); ἰσό-θεος, godlike (ἴσος θεῷ); τερπ-ι-κέραυνος, delighting in thunder (τερπόμενος κεραυνῷ). So with a preposition: ἐγχώριος, native (ἐν τῇ χώρα); ἐφ-ίππιος, belonging on a horse (ἐφ ̓ ἵππῳ). 2. Determinative compounds are nouns or adjectives in which the first part, generally as adjective or adverb, qualifies (or determines) the second part. E.g. ̓Ακρόπολις, citadel (ἀκρὰ πόλις); ψευδό-μαντις, false prophet; ὁμόδουλος, fellow-slave (ὁμοῦ δουλεύων); δυσ-μαθής, learning with difficulty; KU-Térns, swift-flying; a-ypapos, unwritten. 3. Possessive or attributive compounds are adjectives in which the first part qualifies the second (as in determinatives), and the whole denotes a quality or attribute belonging to some person or thing. E.g. *Αργυρότοξος, with silver bow (ἀργυροῦν τόξον ἔχων); κακο-δαίμων, ill-fated (κακὸν δαίμονα ἔχων) ; ὁμό-νομος, having the same laws; ἑκατογ Képaλos, hundred-headed; deka-erns, of ten years (duration); dya@odns, having the appearance (eidos) of good. PART IV. SYNTAX. DEFINITIONS. § 133. 1. EVERY sentence must contain two parts, a subject and a predicate. The subject is that of which something is stated. The predicate is that which is stated of the subject. Thus in the sentence Δαρεῖος βασιλεύει, Darius is king, Δαρεῖος is the subject and Baoiλeveɩ is the predicate. NOTE. When any part of eiui, be, connects the subject with a following noun or adjective, the verb is called the copula (i.e. means of coupling), and what follows is called the predicate; as Aapeîós ἐστι βασιλεύς, Darius is king, where ἐστί is the copula. (See § 136, Rem.) 2. That upon which the action of a verb is exerted is called the object. The object may be either direct or indirect : thus, in ἔδωκε τὰ χρήματα τῷ ἀνδρί, he gave the money to the man, xpnμara is the direct object and avspí is the indirect (or remote) object. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. SUBJECT. § 134. 1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative; as ó ávỳρ λev, the man came. A verb in a finite mood (§ 89, N.) is called a finite verb. 2. The subject of the infinitive mood is in the accusative; as τοὺς ἄνδρας φασὶν ἀπελθεῖν, they say that the men went away. 3. But the subject of the infinitive is generally omitted when it is the same as the subject or the object of the leading verb; as βούλεται ἀπελθεῖν, he wishes to go away; pnoi ypápeiv, he says that he is writing; παραινοῦμέν σοι μένειν, ue advise you to remain. NOTE 1. The subject nominative of the first or second person is omitted, except when special emphasis is required. : The nominative of the third person is omitted : (a) When it is expressed or implied in the context; (b) When it is a general word for persons; as λéyovoi, they say, it is said; (c) When it is indefinite; as in oè ĥr, it was late; kadŵs exeɩ, it is well; dŋλoî, it is evident (the case shows). (d) When the verb implies its own subject; as êηpúσσeɩ, the herald (pv) proclaims, éσáλniye, the trumpeter sounded the trumpet. (e) With verbs like ve, it rains, doтpánтe, it lightens. NOTE 2. Many verbs in the third person singular have an infinitive or a sentence as their subject. These are called impersonal verbs. Such are πρέπει and προσήκει, it is proper, ἔνεστι and ἔξεστι, it is possible, dokeî, it seems good. Subject Nominative and Verb. § 135. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person; as (ey) λéyw, I say, oûTOS λέγει, this man says, οἱ ἄνδρες λέγουσιν, the. men say. 2. But a nominative in the neuter plural regularly takes a singular verb; as ταῦτα ἐγένετο, these things happened, τà oiκýμaта éπeσev, the buildings fell. 3. A singular collective noun may take a plural verb; as τὸ πλῆθος ἐψηφίσαντο πολεμεῖν, the majority voted for war. |