NOTE 1. When several subjects are connected by and, they generally have a plural verb. But the verb often agrees with one of several subjects (generally the nearest) and is understood with the rest, especially when the subjects are connected by or or nor. E.g.

Συμφωνοῦμεν ἐγὼ καὶ ὑμεῖς, I and you agree; σοφοὶ ἐγὼ καὶ σὺ ἦμεν, I and you were wise ; καὶ σὺ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ παρῆστε, both you and your brothers were present. Εμὲ οὔτε καιρὸς οὔτ ̓ ἐλπὶς οὔτε φόβος

οὔτ ̓ ἄλλο οὐδὲν ἐπῆρεν.

NOTE 2. If the subjects are of different persons, the verb is in the first person rather than the second, and in the second rather than the third. (See examples under N. 1.)

PREDICATE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE.

§ 136. With verbs signifying to be, to become, to appear, to be named, chosen, or considered, and the like, a

noun or adjective in the predicate is in the same

case as the subject. E.g.

Οὗτός ἐστι βασιλεύς, this man is king ; 'Αλέξανδρος θεὸς ὠνομάCETO, Alexander was named a God; péon στpaτnyos, he was chosen general; ἡ πόλις φρούριον κατέστη, the city became a fortress ; οὗτός ἐστιν εὐδαίμων, this man is happy ; ἡ πόλις μεγάλη ἐγένετο, the city; became great; nέntai μéyas, he has grown (to be) great.

REMARK. The verbs which are here included with the copula eiμí (§ 133, 1, N.) are called copulative verbs.

NOTE 1. The predicate adjective agrees with the subject in gender and number as well as in case (§ 138, end).

NOTE 2. The predicate of an infinitive with its subject accusative expressed (§ 134, 2) is in the accusative; as Boúdetai tòv viòv eivaɩ oopóv, he wishes his son to be wise.

σο

NOTE 3. (a) When the subject of eiva or of a copulative infinitive is omitted because it is the same as the subject nominative of the leading verb (§ 134, 3), a predicate noun or adjective which belongs to the omitted subject is generally assimilated in case to the preceding nominative; us βούλεται σοφὸς εἶναι, he wishes to be wise; ὁ ̓Αλέξανδρος ἔφασκεν εἶναι Διὸς υἱός, Alexander asserted that he was a son of Zeus.

(b) It may be assimilated in the same way to a preceding genitive or dative of the object, or it may remain in the accusative; as Kúpov ἐδέοντο ὡς προθυμοτάτου γενέσθαι, they asked Cyrus to be as devoted to them as possible; 'Αθηναίων ἐδεήθησαν σφίσι βοηθούς

γενέσθαι, they asked the Athenians to become their helpers; πρέπει σοι εἶναι προθύμῳ, it becomes you to be zealous; but also συμφέρει αὐτοῖς φίλους εἶναι, it is for their interest to be friends.

APPOSITION.

§ 137. A noun annexed to another noun to describe it, and denoting the same person or thing, agrees with it in case. This is called apposition. E.g.

Δαρεῖος ὁ βασιλεύς, Darius the king. ̓Αθῆναι, μεγάλη πόλις, Athens, a great city. 'Yuâs Tous σropoús, you, the wise ones. Ἡμῶν τῶν 'Aoŋvaiwv, of us, the Athenians.

AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES.

§ 138. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. This applies also to the article and to adjective pronouns and participles. E. g. Ο σοφὸς ἀνήρ, the wise man ; τοῦ σοφοῦ ἀνδρός, τῷ σοφῷ ἀνδρί, τὸν σοφὸν ἄνδρα, τῶν σοφῶν ἀνδρῶν, &c. Οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ, this man ; τούτου τοῦ ἀνδρός, τούτων τῶν ἀνδρῶν. Αἱ πρὸ τοῦ στόματος νῆες ναυμαχοῦσαι, the ships engaged in battle before the mouth (of the harbour). It includes predicate adjectives with copulative verbs, the case of which has already been considered (§ 136).

REMARK. The adjective may be either attributive or predicate. An attributive adjective simply qualifies the noun, without the intervention of a verb (like the adjectives above). The predicate adjective may be connected with its noun by the copula (§ 133, 1, N.), or by a copulative verb (§ 136, Rem.): as ó ávηp ȧyalós éσTIV, the man is good; kaλeîтaι άyabós, he is called good; or it may stand to its noun in any relation which implies some part of eiui; as πτηνὰς διώκεις τὰς ἐλπίδας, you are pursuing hopes which are winged (i.e. hopes being winged); dbávarov тην μvýμηv kataλeivovou, immortal is the memory they will leave behind them (i.e. τηv μvýμηv ovσav ὐθάνατον); ποιεῖ τοὺς Μήδους ἀσθενεῖς, he makes the Medes (to be) weak. See § 142, 3.

NOTE 1. (a) An attributive adjective belonging to several nouns generally agrees with the nearest or the most prominent one, and is understood with the rest ; as τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ γυναῖκα, the goodl man and woman; παντὶ καὶ λόγῳ καὶ μηχανῇ, by every word and device.

(b) But it is occasionally plural if it belongs to several singular nouns; as σωφρόνων ἐστὶ καὶ ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναικὸς οὕτω ποιεῖν, it is the part of prudent (persons), both men and women, thus to do.

NOTE 2. (a) A predicate adjective is regularly plural if it belongs to several singular nouns, or dual if it belongs to two. If the nouns are of different genders, the adjective is commonly masculine if one of the nouns denotes a male person, and commonly neuter if all denote things. Thus, εἶδε πατέρα τε καὶ μητέρα καὶ ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα αἰχμαλώτους γεγενημένους, he saw that both his father and his mother, his brothers, and his own wife had been made captives; πόλεμος καὶ στάσις ὀλέθρια ταῖς πλεσίν ἐστιν, war and faction are destructive to states.

(b) But it sometimes follows both the gender and number of the nearest or most prominent noun; as πρόρριζος αὐτὸς, ἡ γυνὴ, Tà Tаidíα, anоλoiμnv, may I perish root and branch, myself, my wife, my children.

(c) A predicate adjective is sometimes neuter, being used like a noun (§ 139), even when its noun is masculine or feminine; as καλὸν ἡ ἀλήθεια, a beautiful thing is truth.

NOTE 3. A collective noun in the singular denoting persons may take a plural participle; as Τροίαν ἑλόντες ̓Αργείων στύλος, the Argives' army having taken Troy.

NOTE 4. (a) The principle of § 136, N.3, applies to adjective words belonging to the omitted subject of any infinitive; as oux óμodoγήσω ἄκλητος ἥκειν, I shall not admit that I am come unbidden; οὐκ ἔφη αὐτός, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνον στρατηγεῖν, he said that not (he) himself, but he (Nicias) was general; he said οὐκ ἐγὼς αὐτὸς στρατηγῶς ἀλλ ̓ ἐκεῖνος στρατῃγεῖ, αὐτός being adjective (§ 145, 1) and ἐκεῖνος substantive.

(1) Assimilation to a preceding dative of the object is allowed; ὃς ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς συσκευασαμένοις ἃ εἶχον καὶ ἐξοπλισαμένοις Tроiéval, they decided to pack up what they had and arm themselves completely, and to advance; but also ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς προφυλακὰς κατα στήσαντας συγκαλεῖν τοὺς στρατιώτας, they decided to station pickets and to assemble the soldiers. But assimilation to a genitive occurs only with copulative verbs (§ 136, Rem.).

Adjective used as a Noun.

§ 139. 1. An adjective cr participle, generally with the article, may be used as a noun; as ó díkalos, the just man; pílos, a friend; κaký, a base woman; Tò μéσov or μέσον, the middle; cἱ κακοί, the bad ; τῶν κρατούντων,

of those in power; κακά, evils ; οἱ γραψάμενοι Σωκράτην, those who indicted Socrates, the accusers of Socrates.

NOTE. In some cases, a noun is distinctly implied; as ry voTepala (sc. pépa), on the next day.

2. The neuter singular of an adjective with the article is often used as an abstract noun; as rò κaλóv, beauty (= κάλλος), τὸ δίκαιον, justice (= δικαιοσύνη).

THE ARTICLE.

Homeric Use of the Article.

§ 140. In the oldest Greek (as in Homer) the article appears generally as a demonstrative or personal pronoun, sometimes as a relative. E.g.

Τὴν δ ̓ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω, but I will not free her ; τοῦ δὲ κλύε Φοῖβος Απόλλων, and Phoebus Apollo heard him; ὁ γὰρ 'Axai@v, for he came to the Achaeans' swift ships. Tоλλà Tà KaίETO, many fires which were burning.

Attic Use of the Article.

ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας As relative: Tupù

§ 141. In Attic Greek the article generally corresponds to the English definite article the; as o ȧvýp, the man; τῶν πόλεων, of the cities ; τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, to the Greeks.

NOTE 1. The Greek uses the article in certain cases in which the English generally omits it; thus

(a) Often with proper names; as ó Σwкρáτηs or Σwкpáτηs, Socrates. (b) Very often with abstract nouns; as ʼn ȧperý, virtue, ʼn dikaισúvη, justice; evλáßeua, caution. But ȧpern, &c. may be used in the same

sense.

(c) Regularly with nouns qualified by a demonstrative or possessive pronoun; as οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ, this man; ὁ ἐμὸς πατήρ, my father; περὶ TηS μETÉрas TÓNews, about our state. (See § 142, 4; § 147.) So with nouns on which a possessive genitive of a personal, demonstrative, or reflexive pronoun depends; as ó Taтηр μov, my father (§ 142, 4, N. 2); ó éμаνтοû Taτýρ, my own father (§ 142, 1, Note); ó TOUTWV Tarp, their father.

NOTE 2. The article is sometimes used where we use a possessive pronoun; as ἔρχεται Μανδάνη πρὸς τὸν πατέρα, Mandane comes to her jather (lit. to the father).

NOTE 3. An adverb, a preposition with its case, or any similar expression, may be used with the article to qualify a noun, like an attributive adjective; as οἱ τότε ἄνθρωποι, the men of that time; τοῦ πάλαι Κάδμου, of ancient Cadmus; οἱ ἐν ἄστει ̓Αθηναῖοι, the Athenians in the city.

Position of the Article.

§ 142. 1. An attributive adjective which qualifies a noun with the article commonly stands between the article and the noun ; as ὁ σοφὸς ἀνήρ, the wise man; тŵv μeɣáxwv Tóλewv, of the great cities.

NOTE. This applies to possessive pronouns and all expressions which have the force of attributive adjectives (§ 141, N. 3), and to dependent genitives (except partitives and the genitive of a personal pronoun); as ó éμos Taτηр, my father; non μnτnp, thy mother; ὁ ἐμαυτοῦ πατήρ, my own father; οἱ ἐν ἄστει ἄνθρωποι, the men in the city; εἰς τὴν ἐκείνων πόλιν, into their city; οἱ τῶν Θηβαίων σrparnyol, the generals of the Thebans. See notes after 4.

Two or even three articles may thus stand together; as тà Tŷs TÔV πodλŵV YUXîs oμμara, the eyes of the soul of the multitude.

2. The article together with any of these qualifying expressions may follow the noun, in which case the noun itself may have another article before it. E.g. Ὁ ἀνὴρ ὁ σοφός, or ἀνὴρ ὁ σοφός, the wise man (not, however, ὁ ἀνὴρ σοφός, see § 142, 3 ; αἱ πόλεις αἱ δημοκρατούμεναι, the states which are under democracies ; ἄνθρωποι οἱ τότε, the men of that time ; πρὸς ἀδικίαν Tηv åκpaTov, with regard to pure injustice.

3. When an adjective either precedes the article, or follows the noun without taking an article, it forms a predicate, and some part of eiμí, be, is implied. E.g.

Ὁ ἀνὴρ σοφός οι σοφὸς ὁ ἀνήρ (sc. ἐστίν), the man is wise, or wise is the man; πολλοὶ οἱ πανοῦργοι, many are the evil-doers; ἐφημέρους γε τὰς τύχας κεκτήμεθα, we possess our fortunes for a day (sc. οὔσας). (See § 138, Rem.)

The predicate force of such adjectives can often be expressed by a periphrasis ; as τοῖς λόγοις βραχυτέροις ἐχρῆτο, the words which he used were shorter, lit. he used the words (being) shorter.