3. k or è (§ 13, 2; Lat. e, ex), from, out of; originally (as opposed to

ȧnó) from within.

(a) of PLACE: èк Zπάρтηs PEÚyel, he is banished from Sparta.

(b) of TIME: èk taλalotátov, from the most ancient time.

(c) of ORIGIN: ŏvap èk Aiós tori, the dream comes from Zeus. So also with passive verbs (instead of 6 with gen.): Tiμão lai ěk Tivos, to be honoured by some one (the agent viewed as the source).

IN COMP.; out, from, away, off.

4. Tρó (Lat. pro), before:

(a) of PLACE: πрd Ovρŵv, before the door.

(b) of TIME: Tро τîя μáxпs, before the battle.

(c) of PREFERENCE: πpò ToÚTwv, in preference to this.

(d) of PROTECTION: Tрò Tαídwv μáxeolaι, to fight for one's children. In COMP. before, forward, forth.

5. So ἄνευ, ἄτερ, without ; ἄχρι, μέχρι, until; μεταξύ, between ; ἕνεκα, on account of; πλhν, except.

II. Two take the dative only ev and σúv.

1. év, in, equivalent to Lat. in with the ablative :
(a) of PLACE; èv Zπóρτη, in Sparta.

(b) of TIME: v toútų tų ětel, in this year.
In COMP. in, on, at.

2. σúv or túv (Lat. cum), with, i. e. in company with or by aid of.
In COMP. with, together.

III. One takes the accusative only: eis or ès, with the improper preposition is.

1. eis or ès, into, to; originally (as opposed to ek) to within (Lat. in with the accusative, or inter):

(a) of PLACE: ěpvyov eis Méyapa, they fled into Megara.

(b) of TIME: eis výkтa, (to) till night; eis rdv äπаνта xрóvov, for all time.

(c) of NUMBER and MEASURE: eis diakoσíovs, (amounting) to two hundred; els dúvaμiv, up to one's power.

(d) of PURPOSE or REFERENCE: Xphoiμos Els TI, useful for anything.

In COMP. into, in, to.

2. ús, to, only with persons: eloiévai és Tiva, to go in to (visit) any one. 12

S.G.

IV. Three take the genitive and accusative: diá, katá, vπép.

1. Siά, through (Lat. di-, dis-).

(1) with the GENITIVE:

(a) of PLACE: di' doπídos «λlev, it went through a shield.

(b) of TIME: dià vuктós, through the night.

(c) of MEANS: di' épμnvéws λéyew, to speak through an interpreter.
(d) in various phrases like δι' οἴκτον ἔχειν, to pity; διὰ φιλίας ἰέναι,
to be in friendship (with one).

(2) with the ACCUSATIVE, on account of, by reason of: 3' 'Alývnv, by help of Athena; dià TOûTO, on this account.

In COMP. through, also apart (Lat. di-, dis-).

2. κará (cf. adverb káτw, below), originally down (opposed to ȧvá).

(1) with the GENITIVE :

(a) down from: åλλeσlai katà rîs néтpas, to leap down from the rock.

(6) down upon : κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καταχεῖν, to pour down upon the head; also against, under, concerning.

(2) with the ACCUSATIVE, down along; of motion over, through, among, into, against; also according to, concerning.

(α) of PLACE: κατὰ ῥοῦν, doun stream ; κατὰ γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν,
by land and by sea.

(b) of TIME: Kатà тòν Tóλeμov, during (at the time of) the war.
(c) DISTRIBUTIVELY: Kатà тpeîs, by threes, three by three; кal'
hμépar, day by day, daily.

In COMP. down, against.

3. vπép, over (Lat. super).

(1) with the GENITIVE :

(α) of PLACE : ὑπὲρ τῆς κεφαλῆς, over (his) head; ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάσσης, above (away from) the sea.

(b) for, in behalf of (opposed to Kaтá): μáxeolar vπép Tivos, to fight for one (originally over him); úπéρ σoû dédoika, I fear for you; nép Tivos λéyew, to speak in place of one; sometimes concerning (like πeρí).

(2) with the ACCUSATIVE, over, beyond, of place and measure. In COMP.: over, beyond, exceedingly, in behalf of.

V. One takes the accusative (and in poetry also the dative and very rarely the genitive): ává.

ává (cf. adverb ävw, above), originally up (opposed to kaτá).

with the ACCUSATIVE, up along; and of motion over, through, among (cf. κατά).

(a) of PLACE: dvd poûv, up stream; ȧvà σтparóv, through the army

(Hom.).

(b) of TIME: àvà tâσαν thν ĥμépav, all through the day.

(c) In DISTRIBUTIVE expressions: åvà tétTapas, by fours.
In COMP. up, back, again.

VI. Seven take the genitive, dative, and accusative: åμpí, ¿πí, μετά, παρά, περί, πρός, ὑπό.

1. άupí (Lat. amb-), connected with aμow, both; originally on both sides of; hence about.

(1) with the GENITIVE (rare in prose) about, concerning.

(2) with the DATIVE (only Ionic and poetic), about.

(3) with the ACCUSATIVE, about, near, of place, time, number, etc. : ἀμφ' ἅλα, by the sea ; ἀμφὶ δείλην, near evening ; ἀμφὶ τὰ ἑξήκοντα, about sixty (circiter sexaginta).

2. ἐπί, on, upon.

In COMP. about, on both sides.

(1) with the GENITIVE:

(a) of PLACE: ènì múрyov, on a tower; sometimes towards: ènì Záμov πλeîv, to sail (upon) towards Samos.

(b) of TIME: p' nμŵv, in our time.

(2) with the DATIVE:

(a) of PLACE: ẻπl tỷ Daλáoon oikeîv, to live upon (by) the sea.
(b) of TIME: ènì tŵ onμeíw, upon the signal; ènì TоÚтois, thereupon.
(c) likewise over, for, at, in addition to, on account of, in the power
of; and in many other relations: see the Lexicon.

(3) with the ACCUSATIVE, originally up to; then to, towards, against:
ἀναβαίνειν ἐφ ̓ ἵππον, to mount a horse ; ἐπὶ δεξιά, to the right.
In COMP. upon, over, after, toward, to, for, at, against, besides.

3. μerá (akin to μéros, Lat. medius), amid, among.

(1) with the GENITIVE, with, on the side of: μeтà Tŵv σνμμάxwv тoîs Tоλeμíois μáxeobal, with (the help of) the allies to fight with (against) the enemy (§ 186, N.).

(2) with the DATIVE (poetic, chiefly Epic), among.

(3) with the ACCUSATIVE:

(a) into (the midst of), after (in quest of), for (poetic).

(b) generally after, next to: μeтà тòv tóλeμov, after the war; péysσTOS μETÀ TOV Iσтpov, the largest (river) next to the Ister. In COMP. with (of sharing), among, after (in quest of): it also denotes change, as in ueтavoéw, change one's mind, repent.

4. πaрá, by, near, alongside of (see Note).

(1) with the GENITIVE, from beside, from.

(2) with the DATIVE, near: Tapd Kúpo uvres, being near Cyrus.

(3) with the ACCUSATIVE, to (a place), near to : also by the side of, beyond or beside, except, along with, because of.

(a) of PLACE: åpikveîtai wapà Kôpov, he comes to Cyrus.

(b) of TIME: Tapà πávтa тdv Xpóvov, throughout the whole time.
(c) of CAUSE: Taρà TǹV ĥμetéρav åμéλeiav, on account of our neglect.
(d) with idea of beyond or beside, and except: ovк čσтI Tаρà taûta
ἄλλα, there are no others besides these ; παρὰ τὸν νόμον, con-
trary to the law (properly beyond it).

In COMP. beside, along by, hitherward, wrongly (beside the mark), over (as in overstep).

5. Tepí, around (on all sides).

(1) with the GENITIVE, about, concerning (Lat. de): πepì natpòs èpéolai, to inquire about his father; also (poetic) abovе; кρатEрòя TEPL Távτwv, mighty above all.

(2) with the DATIVE, about, around, concerning, seldom in Attic prose. (3) with the ACCUSATIVE, nearly the same as dμpí.

In COMP.

around, about, exceedingly.

6. πрós, at or by (in front of), akin to πpó.

(1) with the GENITIVE:

(a) in front of, looking towards: рds Opάкns keiσbα, to be situated
over against Thrace;-in swearing: πрès leŵv, before (by)
the Gods. Sometimes pertaining to (as character):
πρὸς γυναικός ἐστιν, surely it is very like a woman.

(b) from (properly from before): Tιμην πрòs Znvòs ěxovtes, having honour from Zeus; sometimes with passive verbs (like vπó) : πρός τινος φιλεῖσθαι, to be loved by some one.

(2) with the DATIVE :

(α) αἱ : ὁ Κῦρος ἦν πρὸς Βαβυλῶνι, Cyrus was at Babylon.
(b) in addition to: Tрòs ToÚTоis, besides this, furthermore.

(3) with the ACCUSATIVE:

(α) to: ἰέναι πρὸς Ολυμπον, to go to Olympus.

(b) towards: πpòs Вoppây, towards the North; so of persons: IoTŵs diaкelolaι mрós Tiva, to be faithfully disposed towards one.

(c) with a view to, in reference to: Tрòs тí μe taût' ¿pwrâs, (to what end) for what do you ask me this? πpòs Thy dúvaμiv, according to one's power.

In COMP.: to, towards, against, besides.

7. vπó, under (Lat. sub), by.

(1) with the GENITIVE :

(a) of PLACE: úπò yîs, under the earth; sometimes from under.
(b) to denote the AGENT with passive verbs: Tμãσlαι úñò тŵν TOXI-
Tây, to be honoured by the citizens.

(c) of CAUSE: imò déovs, through fear; up' hoorns, through pleasure.

(2) with the DATIVE (especially poetic): Oaveîv in' 'Ixíw, to perish under (the walls of) Ilium.

(3) with the ACCUSATIVE:

(a) of PLACE, under, properly to (a place); under.

(b) of TIME, towards (entering into): vπò výктα, just before night (Lat. sub noctem): sometimes during.

In COMP. under, secretly, slightly, gradually.

It

NOTE. Further details must be learned by practice. In general, the accusative is the case used with prepositions to denote that towards which, over which, along which, or upon which motion takes place; the genitive, to denote that from which anything proceeds; the dative, to denote that in which anything takes place. will be noticed how the meaning of each case modifies the translation of a given preposition: thus Tapá means near, alongside of; and we have παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως, from the neighbourhood of the ling; παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ, in the neighbourhood of the king; παρὰ Toy Baσidea, into the neighbourhood of the king.

§ 192. (Recapitulation). 1. The following prepositions take the genitive : ἀμφί, ἀντί, ἀπό, διά, ἐκ (ἐξ), ἐπί, κατά, μετά, παρά, περί, πρό, πρός, ὑπέρ, ὑπό,—i.e. all except εἰς, ἐν, σύν, ἀνά. Also the improper prepositions ἄνευ, ἄτερ, ἄχρι, μέχρι, μεταξύ, ἕνεκα, πλήν.

2. The following take the dative: ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, περί, πρός, σύν, ὑπό, and in poetry ἀμφί, ἀνά, μετά.

3. The following take the accusative: appi, ává, diá, eis (ès), ἐπί, κατά, μετά, παρά, περί, πρός, ὑπέρ, ὑπό,—i.e. all except ἀντί, από, ἐκ, ἐν, πρό, σύν. So also ὡς (with words denoting persons).

§ 193. A preposition is often followed by its own case when it is part of a compound verb. E.g.

Παρεκομίζοντο τὴν Ιταλίαν, they sailed along the coast of Italy; ἐσῆλθέ με, it occurred to me; ἡ μήτηρ συνέπραττεν αὐτῷ ταῦτα, his mother assisted him in this (i.e. еñρаTтE σÙv avr). For examples of the genitive, see § 177; for those of the dative, see § 187.