to an action simply occurring in past time, and the (rare) pluperfect to an action finished in past or present time. Eg.

Εἰ ἔπρασσε τοῦτο, καλῶς ἂν εἶχεν, if he were doing this, it would be well; εἰ ἔπραξε τοῦτο, καλῶς ἂν ἔσχεν, if he had done this, it would have been well. Ταῦτα οὐκ ἂν ἐδύναντο ποιεῖν, εἰ μὴ διαίτῃ μETρía EXPÔVτo, they would not be able (as they are) to do this, if they did not lead an abstemious life. Ei ho av avdpes åyadoì, ws où φῂς, οὐκ ἄν ποτε ταῦτα ἔπασχον, if they had been good men, as you say, they would never have suffered these things (referring to several cases). Καὶ ἴσως ἂν ἀπέθανον, εἰ μὴ ἡ ἀρχὴ κατελύθη, and perhaps I should have perished, if the government had not been put down. Εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη ἐμεμαθήκη, if you had answered, I should already have learned enough (which now I have not done).

NOTE. The imperfects ἔδει, χρῆν οἱ ἐχρῆν, ἐξῆν, and others denoting necessity, propriety, obligation, possibility, and the like, are often used (without av) with the infinitive, to form an apodosis implying the non-fulfilment of a condition. Thus de σE TOÛTOV pileiv, you ought to love him (but do not), or you ought to have loved him (but did not). So ἐξῆν σοι τοῦτο ποιῆσαι, you might have done this ; εἰκὸς ἦν σε τοῦτο ποιῆσαι, you would properly have done this. With the present infinitive, the construction refers to the present or to continued or repeated action in the past; with the aorist, it refers to the past.

(b) Future Conditions.

1. Subjunctive in Protasis with Future Apodosis.

§ 223. When a supposed future case is stated distinctly and vividly (as in English, if I shall go, or if I go), the protasis takes the subjunctive with éáv. The apodosis takes the future indicative or some other form expressing future time. E.g.

will be well.

Ἐὰν πράσσῃ (or πράξῃ) τοῦτο, καλῶς ἕξει, if he shall do this, it Αν τις ἀνθιστηται, πειρασόμεθα χειροῦσθαι, if any one shall stand opposed to us, we shall try to overcome him. 'Eàv οὖν ἴῃς νῦν, πότε ἔσει οἴκοι; if therefore you go now, when will you

be at home?

REMARK. The older English forms if he shall go and if he go express the force of the Greek subjunctive; but our ordinary English uses if he goes even when the time is future.

NOTE 1. The future indicative with el is very often used here for the subjunctive, as a still more vivid form of expression; as ei μὴ καθέξεις γλῶσσαν, ἔσται σοι κακά, if you do not (shall not) restrain your tongue, you will have trouble.

NOTE 2. In Homer ei (without av or ké) is often used with the subjunctive, apparently in the same sense as et ke or iv; as ei dè vñ één oλéoal, but if he shall wish to destroy our ship. The same use of ei for éáv is found occasionally even in Attic poetry.

2. Optative in Protasis and Apodosis.

§ 224. When a supposed future case is stated in a less distinct and vivid form (as in English, if I should go), the protasis takes the optative with ei, and the apodosis takes the optative with ǎv. E.g.

Εἰ πράσσοι (or πράξειε) τοῦτο, καλῶς ἂν ἔχοι, if he should do this, it would be well. Εἴης φορητὸς οὐκ ἂν, εἰ πράσσοις καλῶς, you would not be endurable, if you should be in prosperity. Ov moλλǹ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατον ὁ τοιοῦτος ; would it not be a great absurdity, if such a man should fear death?

II. PRESENT AND PAST GENERAL SUPPOSITIONS.

§ 225. In general suppositions, the apodosis expresses a customary or repeated action or a general truth, and the protasis refers in a general way to any one of a class of acts. Here the protasis has the subjunctive with éáv after present tenses, and the optative with ei after past tenses. The apodosis has the present or imperfect indicative, or some other form implying repetition. E.g.

*Ην ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνήσκειν, if death comes near, no one is (ever) willing to die. El Tuvas bopuẞBovμévovs aïo 8 oLTO, κατασβεννύναι τὴν ταραχὴν ἐπειρᾶτο, if he saw any falling into disorder (or whenever he saw, &c.), he (always) tried to quiet the confusion.

PECULIAR FORMS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

§ 226. 1. The protasis is sometimes contained in a participle, or implied in an adverb or some other part of the sentence. E.g.

Πῶς δίκης οὔσης ὁ Ζεὺς οὐκ ἀπόλωλεν; how is it that Zeus has not been destroyed, if Justice exists? (ei díkn éσtív). 'Aπоλοîμаι μη тOÛTO μαθών, I shall be ruined unless I learn this (ἐὰν μὴ μάθω). Οὕτω γὰρ οὐκέτι τοῦ λοιποῦ πάσχοιμεν ἂν κακῶς, for in that case we should no longer suffer harm (the protasis being in ourW),

2. The protasis is often altogether omitted, leaving the optative or indicative with av alone as an apodosis. Sometimes a definite protasis is suggested by the context, and sometimes merely a form like if he pleased, if he could, if he should try, if we should consider, if what is likely should happen, &c. is implied. Sometimes the condition is even too vague to be really present in the mind. Thus arises the potential optative and indicative (with ar) corresponding to the English forms with may, can, must, might, could, would, and should. E.g.

Ἴσως ἄν τις ἐπιτιμήσειε τοῖς εἰρημένοις, perhaps some one might (or may) find fault with what has been said. Hdéws d'àv éywy' ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην, and I should be glad to ask Leptines. Οὐκ ἂν μεεíμηv тoû Opóvov, I won't give up the throne (I wouldn't on any condition). Ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ ̓ ἄν; whither then can we (could we) turn?

eâTTOV Tis av ETO, quicker than one would_have_thought. Κτύπον πᾶς τις ᾔσθετ ̓ ἂν σαφώς, every one must have heard the sound. So now av, you would have thought; eides äv, you might have seen; cf. Latin crederes, diceres, videres, &c.

So Bovλoiunv av (velim), I should wish (in some future case) Bovλóunv av (vellem), I should (now) wish, I should prefer (on some condition not fulfilled).

NOTE. The potential optative sometimes expresses a mild command, and sometimes is hardly more than a future, or a softer expression for a mere assertion; as xwpoîs av elow, you may go in ; λέγοις ἄν, you may speal (for speal); κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοίβε, hear me now, Phoebus. Οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη, Justice will not then turn out to be (cannot be) anything very excellent. Ovκ av ȧрvo íμŋv тOÛTO, I will not (would not) deny it.

3. The apodosis may be expressed by an infinitive or participle. E.g.

Ἡγοῦμαι, εἰ τοῦτο ποιεῖτε, πάντα καλῶς ἔχειν, I believe that, if you are doing this, all is well. Οἶδα ὑμᾶς ἑτοίμους ὄντας στρατεύειν ἐὰν Keλevŋ, I know you are ready to march if he shall bid you. Βούλεται ἐλθεῖν ἐὰν τοῦτο γένηται, he wishes to go if this shall be done ; κελεύω ὑμᾶς ἐὰν δύνησθε ἀπελθεῖν, I command you to depart if you can (223).

$227. The protasis and apodosis sometimes belong to

different forms. This happens especially when an indicative with ei in the protasis is followed by a potential optative (§ 226, 2). E.g.

Εἰ οὗτοι ὀρθῶς ἀπέστησαν, ὑμεῖς ἂν οὐ χρεὼν ἄρχοιτε, if these had a right to secede, you cannot (could not) possibly hold your power rightfully.

El after Verbs of Wondering, &c.

§ 228. Some verbs expressing wonder, contentment, disappointment, indignation, &c. take a protasis with el when a causal sentence would seem more natural.

E.g.

Θαυμάζω δ' ἔγωγε εἰ μηδεὶς ὑμῶν μήτ ̓ ἐνθυμεῖται μήτ' ὀργίζεται, and I wonder that no one of you is either concerned or angry (lit. if no one of you is, &c. I wonder). (See also § 248, 2.) Cf. miror si in Latin.

III. RELATIVE AND TEMPORAL SENTENCES.

REMARK. The principles of construction of relative clauses include all temporal clauses. Those introduced by ews, πpív, and other particles meaning until (§§ 239, 240) have special peculiarities.

§ 229. The antecedent of a relative is either definite or indefinite. It is definite when the relative refers to a definite person or thing, or to some definite time, place, or manner; it is indefinite when no such definite person, thing, time, place, or manner is referred to. Both definite and indefinite antecedents may be either expressed or understood. E.g.

(Definite.) Taûra à exw ópậs, you see these things which I have; or ὰ ἔχω ὁρᾷς. Οτε ἐβούλετο ἦλθεν, (once) when he wished, he came. (Indefinite.) Πάντα ἳ ἂν βούλωνται ἕξουσιν, they will have everything which they may want; or å av Boúλwvrai ëgovou, they will have

whatever they may want. "Orav čλÔŋ, τoûτо прáέw, when he shall come (or when he comes), I will do this. "Οτε βούλοιτο, τοῦτο ἔπρασσεν, whenever he wished, he (always) did this. 'Qs av eiπw, towμev, as I shall direct, let us act.

Definite Antecedent.

§ 230. A relative with a definite antecedent has no effect on the mood of the following verb. Eg.

Τίς ἔσθ ̓ ὁ χῶρος δῆτ ̓ ἐν ᾧ βεβήκαμεν ; what is the place in which, &c. Εως ἐστὶ καιρὸς, ἀντιλάβεσθε τῶν πραγμάτων, (now) while there is an. opportunity, &e. Τοῦτο οὐκ ἐποίησεν, ἐν ᾧ τὸν δῆμον ἐτίμησεν ἄν, he did not do this, in which he would have honoured the people. So & μn yévoiro, may this not happen.

Indefinite Antecedent.-Conditional Relative.

§ 231. A relative clause with an indefinite antecedent has a conditional force, like a protasis. Such a relative is called a conditional relative. The negative particle is μý.

NOTE. Relative words (like ei, if) take av before the subjunctive. (See § 207, 2.) With ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, and ἐπειδή, ἄν forms ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπάν οἱ ἐπήν, and ἐπειδάν. Α with dy may form ἅν. In Homer we generally find ore κe, &c. (like et ke, § 219, 2), or őre, &c. alone (§ 234).

§ 232. The conditional relative sentence has four forms (two of present and past, and two of future conditions) which correspond to the four forms of ordinary protasis (§§ 221—224).

1. Present or past condition simply stated (§ 221). E.g. "O TI BOUλeral dwow, I will give him whatever he (now) wishes (like e ri Boulerat, dwow, if he (now) wishes anything, I will give it). Α μὴ οἶδα, οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι, what I do not lenow, I do not even think I know (like e tiva μǹ oida, if there are any things which I do not know).

2. Present or past condition stated so as to imply that the condition is not or was not fulfilled (supposition contrary to fact, § 222). E.g.

*Αμὴ ἐβούλετο δοῦναι, οὐκ ἂν ἔδωκεν, he would not have given what he had not wished to give (like εἴ τινα μὴ ἐβούλετο δοῦναι, οὐκ ἂν