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edwкev, if he had not wished to give certain things, he would not have given them). Οὐκ ἂν ἐπεχειροῦμεν πράττειν ἃ μὴ ἐπιστάμεθα, we should not (then) be undertaking to do (as we now are) things which we did not understand (like eï tiva μǹ ηtioráμeda, if there were any things which we did not understand, the whole belonging to a supposition not realized). This case occurs much less frequently than the others.

3. Future condition in the more vivid form (§ 223).

E.g.

Ο τι ἂν βούληται, δώσω, I will give him whatever he may wish (like eáv Ti Bovλntai, dwow, if he shall wish anything, I will give it). Οταν μὴ σθένω, πεπάυσομαι, when I (shall) have no more strength, I shall cease.

NOTE. The future indicative is not substituted for the subjunctive here, as it may be in common protasis (§ 223, N. 1).

4. Future condition in the less vivid form (§ 224). E.g.

Ο τι βούλοιτο, δοίην ἄν, I should give him whatever he might wish (like e ri Boúλoiro, doiŋv av, if he should wish anything, I should give it). Πεινῶν φάγοι ἂν ὁπότε βούλοιτο, if he were hungry, he would eat whenever he might wish (like e Toтe Bovλoiro, if he should ever wish).

§ 233. The conditional relative sentence has the same forms as other conditional sentences (§ 225) in present and past general suppositions, taking the subjunctive after present tenses, and the optative after past tenses. E.g.

OTI av Boλntai didwμı, I (always) give him whatever he wants (like ἐάν τι βούληται, if he ever wants anything). Ο τι βούλοιτο edidovv, I (always) gave him whatever he wanted (like e ri BovλOTO). Συμμαχεῖν τούτοις ἐθέλουσιν ἅπαντες, οὓς ἂν ὁρῶ σι παρεσκευασμένους, all wish to be allies of those whom they see prepared. Ἡ νίκ ̓ ἂν οἴκοι γένωνται, δρῶσιν οὐκ ἀνάσχετα, when they get home, they do things unbearable. Ο ὓς μὲν ἴδοι εὐτάκτως ἰόντας, τίνες τε εἶεν ἠρώτα, καὶ ÈTEÌ TÚVOLTO nýveɩ, he (always) asked those whom he saw (at any time) marching in good order, who they were; and when he learned, he praised them.

π

οι

§ 234. Conditional relative sentences have most of the peculiarities and irregularities of common protasis. Thus, the protasis and apodosis may have different forms (§ 227); the relative without av is sometimes

found in poetry with the subjunctive (like ei for éáv or e κe, § 223, N. 2); the relative clause may depend on an infinitive or participle (§ 226, 3).

Assimilation in Conditional Relative Clauses.

§ 235. 1. When a conditional relative clause referring to the future depends on a subjunctive or optative referring to the future, it regularly takes by assimilation the same mood with its leading verb. E.g.

Εάν τινες οἳ ἂν δύνωνται τοῦτο ποιῶ σ καλῶς ἕξει, if any who may be able shall do this, it will be well ; εἴ τινες οἳ δύναιντο τοῦτο TOLOLEV, KAλ@s av exoɩ, if any who should be (or were) able should do this, it would be well. Εἴθε πάντες οἳ δύναιντο τοῦτο ποιοῖεν, O that all who may be (or were) able would do this. (Here the optative ποιοῖεν, § 251, 1, makes oἳ δύναιντο preferable to οἳ ἂν δύνωνται, which would express the same idea). Τεθναίην ὅτε μοι μηκέτι ταῦτα μέλοι, may I die whenever I shall no longer care for these (orav péλn would express the same idea),

2. Likewise, when a conditional relative sentence depends on a secondary tense of the indicative implying the nonfulfilment of a condition, it takes by assimilation a similar form. E.g.

Εἴ τινες οἱ ἐδύναντο τοῦτο ἔπραξαν, καλῶς ἂν εἶχων, if any who had been able had done this, it would have been well. Ei év ékeivŋ τῇ φωνῇ τε καὶ τῷ τρόπῳ ἔλεγον ἐν οἷς ἐτεθράμμην, if I were speaking to you in the dialect and in the manner in which I had been brought up (all introduced by ei έévos étúyxavov öv, if I happened to be a foreigner).

NOTE. All such relative clauses are really protases, and belong equally under § 232, 2, 3, or 4. This principle often decides whether the subjunctive or the optative shall be used in future conditions.

Relative Clauses expressing Purpose, Result, or Cause. § 236. The relative is used with the future indicative to express a purpose. E.g.

Πρεσβείαν πέμπειν ἥτις ταῦτ ̓ ἐρεῖ καὶ παρέσται τοῖς πράγμασιν, to send an embassy to say this, and to be present at the transactions. Οὐ γὰρ ἔστι μοι χρήματα, ὁ πόθεν ἐκτίσω, for I have no money to pay the fine with.

The antecedent here may be definite or indefinite; but the negative particle is always un, as in final clauses.

NOTE. In Homer, the subjunctive or optative (according to the leading tense) is commonly found in this construction.

§ 237. "NOTE (sometimes is), so that, which generally takes the infinitive (§ 266, 1), sometimes takes

the indicative to express a result. The negative is où. E.g.

Οὕτως ἀγνωμόνως ἔχετε, ὥστε ἐλπίζετε αὐτὰ χρηστὰ γενήσεσθαι ; are you so senseless that you expect them to become good?

§ 238. The relative is sometimes equivalent to ori, because, and a personal or demonstrative pronoun. The verb is in the indicative, as in ordinary causal sentences

(§ 250).

E.g.

Θαυμαστὸν ποιεῖς, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐδὲν δίδως, you do a strange thing in giving us nothing (like őrɩ σv ovdèr didws).

Temporal Particles signifying Until and Before that, § 239. 1. When ἕως, ἔστε, ἄχρι, μέχρι, and ὄφρα, until, refer to a definite point of past time, they take the indicative. E.g.

Ταῦτα ἐποίουν, μέχρι σκότος ἐγένετο, this they did until darkness

came on.

2. These particles follow the construction of conditional relatives in the last three forms which correspond to

ordinary protasis (§ 232, 2-4), and in general suppositions (§ 233). E.g.

Επίσχες, ἔστ ̓ ἂν καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ προσμάθῃς, wait until you (shall) learn the rest besides (§ 232, 3). Eiπо' âv ἕως παρα TeivaiμL TOUтov, I would tell him, &c. until I put him to the torture (§ 232, 4, § 235, 1). Ηδέως ἂν τούτῳ ἔτι διελεγόμην, ἕως αὐτῷ

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а Téd wκa, I should (in that case) gladly have continued to talk with him until I had given him back, &c. (§ 232, 2; § 235, 2). *A àv ἀσύντακτα ᾖ, ἀνάγκη ταῦτα ἀεὶ πράγματα παρέχειν, ἕως ἂν χώραν λάβῃ, whatever things are in disorder, these must always make trouble_until they are put in order (§ 233). Περιεμένομεν ἑκάστοτε, ἕως ἀνοι χθείη τὸ δεσμωτήριον, we waited each day until the prison was opened (§ 233).

§ 240. 1. When πpív, before, until, is not followed by the infinitive (see below, 2), it takes the indicative, subjunctive, or optative, following the principles already stated for ews (§ 239). E.g.

Οὐκ ἦν ἀλέξημ ̓ οὐδὲν, πρίν γ' ἐγώ σφισιν ἔδειξα, &c. there was no relief, until I showed them, &c. (§ 239, 1). Oú xpý μe évőévde åreλbeïv, πρὶν ἂν δῷ δίκην, I must not leave this place until he is punished (§ 232, 3). Ορῶσι τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους οὐ πρόσθεν ἀπώντας, πρὶν ἂν ἀφῶσιν οἱ ἄρχοντες, they see that the elders never go away until the authorities dismiss them (§ 233). Οὐδαμόθεν ἀφίεσαν, πρὶν παρα θεῖεν αὐτοῖς ἄριστον, they dismissed them from no place before they had set a meal before them (§ 233).

NOTE. The subjunctive and optative are seldom thus used with piv unless the leading verb is negative. The indicative is used after both negative and affirmative sentences, but chiefly after negatives.

2. When ρív does not take the indicative, subjunctive, or optative, it is followed by the infinitive (§ 274). In Homer, the infinitive is the only form regularly used with πρίν.

IV. INDIRECT DISCOURSE,

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

§ 241. 1. A direct quotation or question gives the exact words of the original speaker or writer. In an indirect quotation or question the original words conform to the construction of the sentence in which they are quoted.

Thus the words ταῦτα βούλομαι may be quoted either directly, λέγει τις “ταῦτα βούλομαι” or indirectly, λέγει τις ὅτι ταῦτα βούλεται oι φησί τις ταῦτα βούλεσθαι, some one says that he wishes for this. So ἐρωτᾷ “ τί βούλει;” he asks, what do you But ἐρωτᾷ τί βούλεται, he asks him what he wants.

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2. Indirect quotations may be introduced by oτ or ås, that, or by the infinitive (as in the example given above); sometimes also by the participle.

NOTE. "Or, that, occasionally introduces even a direct quotation; as in Anab. i. 6, 8.

3. Indirect questions follow the same rule as indirect quotations in regard to their moods and tenses.

NOTE. The term indirect discourse applies to all clauses (even single clauses in sentences of different construction) which indirectly

express the words or thought of any person, even past thoughts of the speaker himself (§ 248),

§ 242. 1. Indirect quotations after or and os and indirect questions follow these general rules:

(a) After primary tenses, each verb retains both the mood and the tense of the direct discourse.

(b) After secondary tenses, each indicative or subjunctive of the direct discourse may be either changed to the same tense of the optative or retained in its original mood and tense. But all secondary tenses of the indicative implying non-fulfilment of a condition (§ 222) and all optatives are retained unchanged.

NOTE. The imperfect and pluperfect, having no tenses in the optative, generally remain unchanged in all kinds of sentences. See also § 247.

2. When the quotation depends on a verb which takes the infinitive or participle, its leading verb is changed to the corresponding tense of the infinitive or participle (av being retained when there is one), and its dependent verbs follow the preceding rule.

3. "Av is never omitted with the indicative or optative in indirect discourse, if it was used in the direct form; but av belonging to a relative word or particle in the direct form (§ 207, 2) is regularly dropped when the subjunctive is changed to the optative in indirect discourse.

NOTE. "Av is never added in the indirect discourse when it was not used in the direct form.

4. The negative particle of the direct discourse is regularly retained in the indirect form. But the infinitive and participle occasionally have un where où would be used in direct discourse (§ 283, 3).

SIMPLE SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

Indicative and Optative after örɩ and is, and in Indirect

Questions.

§ 243. When a simple indicative is quoted with oτ or s or in an indirect question, after primary tenses

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