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the verb retains both its mood and its tense, and after secondary tenses it is either changed to the same tense of the optative or retained in the original mood and tense.

Eg.

Λέγει ὅτι γράφει, he says that he is writing ; λέγει ὅτι ἔγραφεν, he says that he was writing; λέγει ὅτι ἔγραψεν, he says that he wrote ; λέξει ὅτι γέγραφεν, he will say that he has written, Εἶπεν ὅτι γράφοι οι ὅτι γράφει, he said that he was writing (he said γράφω). Εἶπεν ὅτι γράψοι οι ὅτι γράψει, he said that he would write (he said γράψω). Εἶπεν ὅτι γράψειεν or ὅτι ἔγραψεν, he said that he had written (he said ἔγραψα). Εἶπεν ὅτι γεγραφώς εἴη or ὅτι γέγραφεν, he said that he had written (he said γέγραφα, I have written).

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(OPT.) Επειρώμην αὐτῷ δεικνύναι, ὅτι οἴοιτο μὲν εἶναι σοφὸς, εἴη δ ̓ οὔ, I tried to show him that he believed himself to be wise, but was not so (i.e. οἴεται μὲν ἔστι δ ̓ οὔ). Ὑπειπὼν ὅτι αὐτὸς τἀκεῖ πράξοι, ᾤχετο, hinting that he would himself attend to things there, he departed (he said αὐτὸς τἀκεῖ πράξω). Ἔλεξαν ὅτι πέμψειε σφᾶς ὁ Ἰνδῶν βασιλεὺς, κελεύων ἐρωτῶν ἐξ ὅτου ὁ πόλεμος εἴη, they said that the king of the Indians had sent them, commanding them to ask on what account there was the war (they said ἔπεμψεν ἡμᾶς, the question being ἐκ τίνος ἐστὶν ὁ πόλεμος ;). Ἤρετο εἴ τις ἐμοῦ εἴ η σοφώτερος, he asked whether any one was wiser than I (i.e. ἔστι τις σοφώτερος ;).

(INDIC.) Ελεγον ὅτι ἐλπίζουσι σὲ καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἕξειν μοι χάριν, they said that they hoped you and the state would be grateful to me. ̓Αποκρινάμενοι ὅτι πέμψουσι πρέσβεις, εὐθὺς ἀπήλλαξαν, having replied that they would send ambassadors, they dismissed them at once. Ηπόρουν τί ποτε λέγει, I was uncertain what he meant (τί ποτε λέγει ;).

Subjunctive or Optative representing the Interrogative

Subjunctive.

§ 244. In indirect questions an interrogative subjunctive (§ 256) retains its mood and tense after a primary tense, and may be either changed to the same tense of the optative or retained in the subjunctive after a secondary tense. E.g.

Βουλεύομαι ἵπως σε ἀποδρῶ, I am trying to think how I shall escape you (πώς σε ἀποδρῶ ;). Οὐκ ἔχω τί εἴπω, I do not know what I shall say (τί εἴπω ;). Non habeo quid dicam. Επήροντο εἰ παραδοῖεν τὴν πόλιν, they asked whether they should give up the city (παραδῶμεν τὴν πόλιν ; shall we give up the city ?). Ἐβουλεύοντο εἴτε κατακαύσωσιν εἴτε τι ἄλλο χρήσωνται, they were deliberating whether they should burn them or dispose of them in some other way.

Indicative or Optative with äv.

§ 245. An indicative or optative with av retains its mood and tense (with av) unchanged in indirect discourse after or or os and in indirect questions. E.g.

Λέγει (or ἔλεγεν) ὅτι τοῦτο ἂν would have happened; ἔλεγεν ὅτι that this man would justly die. asked whether they would give the

ἐγένετο, he says (or said) that this οὗτος δικαίως ἂν ἀποθάνοι, he said Ἠρώτων εἰ δοῖεν ἂν τὰ πιστά, they pledges (dointe åv ;).

Infinitive and Participle in Indirect Quotation.

§ 246. When the infinitive or participle is used in indirect discourse, its tense represents the tense of the finite verb in the direct form to which it corresponds, the present and perfect including the imperfect and pluperfect. Each tense with av can represent the corresponding tenses of either indicative or optative with av. E.g.

Ката

Αρρωστεϊν προφασίζεται, he pretends that he is ill; ἐξώμοσεν ἀρρωστεῖν τουτονί, he took an oath that this man was ill. σχεῖν φησι τούτους, he says that he detained them. Εφη χρήμαθ' ἑαυτῷ τοὺς Θηβαίους ἐπικεκηρυχέναι, he said that the Thebans had offered a reward for him. Ἐπαγγέλλεται τὰ δίκαια ποιήσειν, he promises to do what is right. See examples under § 203, and § 203, N. 1.

Ἤγγειλε τούτους ἐρχομένους, he announced that these were coming (οὗτοι ἔρχονται); ἀγγέλλει τούτους ἐλθόντας, he announces that these came; ἀγγέλλει τοῦτο γενησόμενον, he announces that this will be done ; ἤγγειλε τοῦτο γενησόμενον, he announced that this would be done ; ἤγγειλε τοῦτο γεγενημένον, he announced that this had been done (τοῦτο γεγένηται).

See examples of av with infinitive and participle under § 211.

NOTE. The infinitive is said to stand in indirect discourse and its tenses correspond to those of the finite moods, when it depends on a verb implying thought or the expression of thought, and when also the thought, as originally conceived, would have been expressed by some tense of the indicative (with or without av) or optative (with av), and can therefore be transferred without change of tense to the infinitive. Thus in Boveraι éλeîv, he wishes to go, beîv represents no form of either aorist indicative or aorist optative, and is not in indirect discourse. But in noiv eiv, he says that he went, ἐλθεῖν represents ἦλθον of the direct discourse,

INDIRECT QUOTATION OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.

§ 247. When a compound sentence is indirectly quoted, its leading verb follows the rule for simple sentences (§§ 243246).

After primary tenses the dependent verbs of the quotation retain the same mood and tense. After secondary tenses, all primary tenses of the indicative and all subjunctives may either be changed to the same tense of the optative or retain the mood and tense of the direct form. But dependent secondary tenses of the indicative are kept unchanged. E.g.

“Αν ὑμεῖς λέγητε, ποιήσειν φησὶν ὃ μήτ' αἰσχύνην μήτ' ἀδοξίαν αὐτῷ φέρει, if you (shall) say so, he says he will do whatever does not bring shame or discredit to him. Here no change is made, except in ποιήσειν (§ 246).

Απεκρίνατο ὅτι μανθάνοιεν ἃ οὐκ ἐπίσταιντο, he replied, that they learned what they did not understand he said μανθάνουσιν ἃ οὐκ ἐπίστανται, which might have been retained). Εἴ τινα φεύγοντα λήψοιτο, προηγόρευεν ὅτι ὡς πολεμίῳ χρήσοιτο, he announced that, if he should catch any one running away, he should treat him as an enemy (he said εἴ τινα λήψομαι, χρήσομαι, § 223, Ν. 1). Ενόμιζεν, ὅσα τῆς πόλεως προλάβοι, πάντα ταῦτα βεβαίως ἕξειν, he believed that he should hold all those places securely which he should take from the city beforehand (ὅσ ̓ ἂν προλάβω, έξω). Εδόκει μοι ταύτῃ πειρᾶσθαι σωθῆναι, ἐνθυμουμένῳ ὅτι, ἐὰν μὲν λάθω, σωθήσομαι, it seemed best to me to try to gain safety in this way, thinking that, if I should escape notice, I should be saved (here we might have had εἰ λάθοιμι, σωθησοίμην). Εφασαν τοὺς ἄνδρας ἀποκτενεῖνοὓς ἔχουσι ζῶντας, they said that they should kill the men whom they had living (ἀποκτενοῦμεν οὓς ἔχομεν, which might have been changed to ἀποκτενεῖν οὓς ἔχοιεν). Πρόδηλον ἦν (τοῦτο ἐσόμενον, εἰ μὴ κωλύσετε, it was plain that this would be so unless you should prevent (τοῦτο ἔσται, εἰ μὴ κωλύσετε, which might have become εἰ μὴ κωλύσοιτε). Ελπιζον τοὺς Σικελοὺς ταύτῃ, οὓς μετεπέμψαντο, ἀπαντήσεσθαι, they hoped the Sikels whom they had sent for would meet them here.

§ 248. The principles of indirect discourse (§ 247) apply also to any dependent clause which expresses indirectly the past thoughts of any person, even

8.G.

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when its leading clause is not in indirect discourse (§ 246, Note). This of course affects the construction only after past tenses. E.g.

Εβούλοντο ἐλθεῖν, εἰ τοῦτο γένοιτο, they wished to go if this should happen. Here ἐβούλοντο ἐλθεῖν, ἐὰν τοῦτο γένηται might be used, expressing the form, if this shall happen, in which the wish would be conceived. Here Oetv is not in indirect discourse (§ 246, Ν). Προείπον αὐτοῖς μὴ ναυμαχεῖν Κορινθίοις, ἢν μὴ ἐπὶ Κέρκυραν πλέωσι καὶ μέλλωσιν ἀποβαίνειν, they instructed them not to engage in a sea fight with Corinthians, unless these should be sailing against Corcyra and should be on the point of landing. (Here the direct forms are retained, for which εἰ μὴ πλέοιεν καὶ μέλλοιεν might have been used).

Ἐθαύμαζεν εἴ τις ἀργύριον πράττοιτο, he wondered that any one demanded money ; but we find also ἐθαύμαζε δ ̓ εἰ μὴ φανερὸν αὐτοῖς ἐστιν, he wondered that it was not plain. Κατηγόρουν αὐτῶν ἁ TETTOIŃKOLEV, they accused them for what (as they said) they had done.

NOTE. On this principle, final and object clauses with iva, oπws, ds, un, &c. admit the double construction of indirect discourse, and allow either the subjunctive or future indicative (as the case may be) to stand unchanged after secondary tenses, (See § 216, 2.) For the same principle in causal sentences, see § 250, Note.

Όπως IN INDIRECT QUOTATIONS.

§ 249. In a few cases oπws is used for us or or in indirect quotations, chiefly in poetry. E.g.

Τοῦτο μή μοι φράζ ̓ ὅπως οὐκ εἰ κακός, do not tell me this, that you are not base. Soph.

V. CAUSAL SENTENCES.

§ 250. Causal sentences express a cause or reason, and are introduced by ὅτι, ὡς, because, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ÕTE, ÓTÓTE, since, and by other particles of similar meaning. They take the indicative after both primary and secondary tenses. The negative particle is où. E.g.

Κήδετο γὰρ Δαναῶν, ὅτι ῥα θνήσκοντας ὁρᾶτο, for he pitied the Danai, because he saw them dying. Hom. "OTE TOVľ OUTWS EXEL, TpoonκEL, &c. since this is so, it is becoming, &c.

NOTE. On the principle of indirect discourse (§ 248), the optative may be used in a causal sentence after a past tense, to imply that the cause is assigned on the authority of some other person than the speaker; as τὸν Περικλέα ἐκάκιζον, ὅτι στρατηγὸς ὢν οὐκ ἐπεξάγοι, they abused Pericles, because (as they said) being general he did not lead them out. Thuc. (This assigns the Athenians' reason for abusing him, and does not show the historian's opinion.)

VI. EXPRESSION OF A WISH.

§ 251, 1. When a wish refers to the future, it is expressed by the optative, either with or without eile or ei yáp, O that, 0 if. The negative is μn, which can stand alone with the optative.

E.g.

Eide diλos nμiv yévolo, O that you may become our friend. Μηκέτι ζῴην ἐγώ, may I no longer live. Τεθναίην, ὅτε μοι μηκέτι ταῦτα μέλοι, may I die when I shall no longer care for these things (§ 235, 1).

For the distinction between the present and aorist see § 202, 1.

2. When a wish refers to the present or the past, and it is implied that its object is not or was not attained, it is expressed by a secondary tense of the indicative with ele or ei yáp. The imperfect and aorist are distinguished here as in protasis (§ 222). E.g.

Elle TOUTO Toiel, O that he were doing this, or O that he had done this. Εἴθε τοῦτο ἐποίησεν, Ο that he had done this ; εἰ γὰρ un yÉVETO TOUTO, O that this had not happened.

Εἴθ ̓ εἶχες βελτίους φρένας, Ο that thou hadst a better understanding. Ei yàp тoσaúтηv dúvapiv eixov, O that I had so great power. Εἴθε σοι τότε συνεγενόμην, Ο that I had then met

with you.

NOTE. The aorist peλov of opeíλw, debeo, is used with the infinitive in wishes, with the same meaning as the secondary tenses of the indicative; as ὤφελε τοῦτο ποιεῖν, would that he were doing this (lit. he ought to be doing this), or would that he had done this (habitually).

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