ΝΟΤΕ 1. Ev of the stem becomes e (originally eF, § 1, N. 2) before a vowel.

NOTE 2. The older Attic writers have is in the contracted nominative plural of nouns in eus ; as ἱππῆς, βασιλῆς, for ἱππεῖς, βασιλεῖς.

ΝΟΤΕ 3. After a vowel, ews of the genitive singular may be contracted into @s, and ta of the accusative singular into a ; as Πειραιεύς, Peiraeus, gen. Πειραιέως, Πειραιώς, accus. Πειραιέα, Πειραιά.

ΒΟΥΣ, ΓΡΑΥΣ, AND ΝΑΥΣ.

§ 54. The nouns (ὁ, ἡ) βούς, οπ or cow (stem βου-), (ή) γραύς, old woman (stem ypav-), and () vavs, ship (stem vav-), are thus declined :

NOTE. Naûs is thus declined in Homer:-N. vnûs, G. vnós or veós, D. νηί, Α. νῆα or νέα ; pl. Ν. νῆες οι νέες, G. νηών οι νεῶν, D. νηυσί (νήεσσι οι νέεσσι), Α. νῆας οι νέας. In Attic, it changes va- (for ναυ, vaF-) to ve- or νη..

NOUNS IN Ω.

§ 55. Some feminines in ó contract óos, oï, óa in the singular into oûs, oî, and ó, and form the vocative singular irregularly in oî. The dual and plural (which rarely occur) follow the second declension. Ηχώ (ἡ), echo, is thus declined :

:

§ 56. 1. Neuters in as, gen. aos, are contracted when the a of the stem is followed by a vowel ; as (τὸ) γέρας, prize, which is thus declined :

2. A few neuters in as, gen. aros, drop r and are contracted like γέρας; in Attic prose only (το) κέρας, horn, gen. κέρατος (κέραος) κέρως ; dat. κέρατι (κέραϊ) κέραι ; plur. κέρατα (κέραα) κέρα; gen. κεράτων (κεράων) κερῶν ; dat. κέρασι.

Syncopated Nouns.

§ 57. Some nouns in ηρ (stem in ερ), gen. ερος, are syncopated (§ 14, 2) by dropping e in the genitive and dative singular. In the dative plural, they change ep to pa before σι: The accent is irregular.

1. Πατήρ (δ), father, and θυγάτηρ (ή), daughter, are thus de

clined :

ΝΟΤΕ. Μήτηρ (ἡ), mother, and γαστήρ (ἡ), belly, are declined and accented like πατήρ. Thus, μήτηρ has (μητέρος) μητρός, and (μητέρι) μητρί ; plur. μητέρες, μητέρων, &c.

2. Ανήρ. (ὁ), man, drops e whenever a vowel follows ερ, and inserts δ in its place (§ 14, N. 2). It is thus de

clined :

3. The proper name Δημήτηρ syncopates all the oblique cases, and then accents the first syllable. Thus, gen. (Δημή τερος) Δήμητρος ; dat. (Δημήτερι) Δήμητρι ; accus. (Δημήτερα) Δήμητρα ; voc. Δήμητερ.

Gender of the Third Declension.

§ 58. The gender of many nouns must be learned by observation. But a few general rules may be given :

1. The following are masculine: nouns ending in aν, ην, ευς, most of those in ŋp, wp, and wv (gen. wvos), and all with rros in the genitive. Except (ἡ) φρήν, mind.

2. The following are feminine: those in aus, της, (gen. τητος), ας (gen. αδος), ώ or ὡς (gen. οὓς), and most in us.

3. The following are neuter : those in a, ι, υ, αρ, ορ, ος, and ας (gen. aros or aos).

Homeric Forms.

§ 59. 1. Gen. and Dat. Dual.

our for οιν.

2. Dat. Plur. εσσι, εσι, σσι, for σι.

3. Nouns in is (§ 53, 1) retain t of the stem ; as πόλιος, πόλιες, πολίων, πολίεσσι, πόλιας (for πόλεως, πόλεις, &c.). There are Homeric forms nos, nɩ, nes, &c. (for ews, eï, ees, &c.), in nouns in us and evs.

IRREGULAR NOUNS.

§ 60. 1. (α) Some nouns belong to more than one declension. Thus σκότος, darkness, is usually declined like λόγος (§ 41), but sometimes like γένος (§ 52, 2).

(6) Especially, proper names in ης (gen. eos) of the third declension (except those in κλέης) have also an accusative in ην like those of the first; as Δημοσθένης, accus. Δημοσθένην οι Δημοσθένη, Σωκράτης, Σωκράτην οι Σωκράτη.

2. Some nouns have different genders in different parts ; as (δ) σίτος, corn, plur. (τὰ) σῖτα ; (ὁ) δεσμός, chain, (οἱ) δεσμοί and (τὰ) δεσμά.

3. Defective nouns have only certain cases; as ovap, dream, ὄφελος, use (nom. and accus.); (τὴν) νίφα, snow (accus.).

4. The following are the most important irregular nouns :1. "Αιδης, Hades, gen. ov, &c. regular. Hom. Αΐδης, gen. ao or ew, dat. n, acc. ην ; also "Αϊδος, Αϊδι (from stem Αϊδ-).

2. ἄναξ (ὁ), king, ἄνακτος, &c., voc. ἄναξ (poet. ἄνα).

3. "Αρης, Ares, "Αρεος, οι Αρεως, ("Αρεϊ) "Αρει, ("Αρεα) "Αρη οι "Αρην, "Αρες (also 'Αρες).

4. Stem (ἀρν-), gen. (τοῦ or τῆς) ἀρνός, lamb, ἀρνί, ἄρνα ; pl. ἄρνες, ἀρνῶν, ἀρνάσι, ἄρνας. In the nom. sing. ἀμνός (2nd. decl.) is used.

5. γάλα (τό) milk, γάλακτος, γάλακτι, &c.

6. γόνυ (τό), knee, γόνατος, γόνατι, &c. (from stem γονατ-); Ion. and poet. γούνατος, γούνατι, &c. ; Hom. also gen. γουνός, dat. γουνί, pl. γοῦνα, γούνων, γούνεσσι.

7. γυνή (ἡ), wife, γυναικός, γυναικί, γυναῖκα, γύναι; dual γυναῖκε, γυναικοῖν ; pl. γυναῖκες, γυναικῶν, γυναιξί, γυναῖκας.

8. δόρυ (τό), spear (cf. γόνυ), δόρατος, δόρατι or δορί; pl. δόρατα, &c. Ion. and poet. δούρατος, &c. ; also gen. δουρός, dat. δουρί, δορί, οι δόρει ; dual δοῦρε ; pl. δοῦρα, δούρων, δούρεσσι.

9. Ζεύς, Zeus, Διός, Διί, Δία, Ζεϋ. Ion. and poet. Ζηνός, Ζηνί, Ζήνα.

10. θέμις (ἡ), justice (also a proper name, Themis); declined in Hom. with gen. θέμιστος, dat. θέμιστι, acc. θέμιστα, voc. θέμι ; pl. θέμιστες, θέμιστας. In Attic prose, indeclinable in θέμις ἐστί, fus est.

11. θρίξ (ἡ), hair, τριχός, τριχί, &c., θριξί (§ 17, 2, Note).

12. κύων (ὁ, ἡ), dog, voc. κύον: the rest from stem κυν-, κυνός, κυνί, κύνα, pl. κύνες, κυνῶν, κυσί, κύνας.

13. οἶς (ἡ), sheep, οἰός, ο, οἶν; pl. οἶες, οἰῶν, οἰσίν, οἶας. Hom. δις, διος, διν, διες, δίων, δίεσσι (οἴεσι, δεσσι), δις.

14. ὄνειρος (ὁ), ὄνειρον (τό), dream, gen. ου ; also ὄναρ (τό), gen. ὀνείρατος, dat. ὀνείρατι ; plur. ὀνείρατα, ὀνειράτων, ὀνείρασι.

15. ὄρνις (ὁ, ἡ), bird, see § 50, and § 47, 2. Also, from stem ὀρνι-, pl. ὄρνεις, ὄρνεων, acc. ὄρνεις οι ὄρνις.

16. οὖς (τό), ear, ὠτός, ὠτί; pl. ὦτα, ὦτων, ὠσί. Hom. also gen. οὔατος ; pl. οὔατα, οὔασι.

17. Πνύξ (ή), Pnyx, Πυκνός, Πυκνί, Πύκνα (for Πνυκτος, &c.).

18. πρέσβυς (ὁ), old man, elder (properly adj.), acc. πρέσβυν (as adj.), voc. πρέσβυ; pl. πρέσβεις, chiefs, elders; poetic: in prose πρεσβύτης, gen. ou. The pl. πρέσβεις, πρέσβεων, πρέσβεσι, πρέσβεις (decl. like πήχυς) is the regular plural of πρεσβευτής, ambassador.

19. πῦρ (τό), fire, πυρός, πυρί ; pl. (τα) πυρά, esp. watch-fires. 20. ὕδωρ (τό), water, ὕδατος, ὕδατι, &c., dat. plur. ὕδασι.

21. viós (ô), son, vioû, &c. regular. Also (from stem vie-) gen. υἱέος, dat. υἱεῖ ; dual υἱέε, υἱέοιν ; pl. υἱεῖς, υἱέων, υἱέσι, υἱεῖς. Hom. also gen. vîos, dat. vî, acc. vîa; dual vie; pl. vies, viáoɩ, υΐας.

22. χείρ (ἡ), hand, χείρος, χειρί, &c. ; but χεροίν (poet. χειροῖν) and χερσί (poet. χείρεσσι or χείρεσι) : poet. also χερός, χερί, &c.