Relative Pronouns.

§ 86. The relative pronouns are ὅς, ή, ὅ, who, and ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι, whoever. They are thus declined :

NOTE 1. "OoTis is compounded of the relative os and the indefinite rìs, and is called the indefinite relative. Each part is declined separately. For the accent see § 28, N. 3. It has a plural form ἅττα from ἃ ἄττα (§ 84, 2), for ἅτινα. Ο τι is thus written (sometimes ὅ, τι) to distinguish it from ὅτι, that,

NOTE 2. Homer has ὅου, ἕης, for ού, ἧς. In όστις he has nom. ὅτις, ὅ ττι ; gen, ὅτευ, ὅττεο, ὅττευ ; dat, ὅτεῳ ; acc. ὅτινα, ὅ ττι ; plur. gen. ὅτεων ; dat. ὁτίοισι ; acc. ὅτινας,

PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

§ 87. 1. There are many pronominal adjectives which correspond to each other in form and meaning. The following are the most important :—

:

The pronouns Tís, Tis, &c. form a corresponding series :—

Tís; who?

Tis, any one.

ode, ouтos, this, os, ὅστις, who,
this one.
which.

NOTE. Τόσος and volos seldom occur in Attic prose. Τοσόσδε, τοιόσδε, and τηλικόσδε are declined like τόσοs and τοῖος ; as τοσόσδε, τοσήδε, τοσόνδε, &c.,τοιόσδε, τοιάδε (α), τοιόνδε. (See § 28, Note 3). Τοσοῦτος, τοιοῦτος, and τηλικοῦτος are declined like οὗτος (omitting the first r in τούτου, τοῦτο, &c.), except that the neuter singular has o or or ; as τοιοῦ τος, τοιαύτη, τοιοῦτο οι τοιοῦτον ; gen. τοιούτου, τοιαύτης, &c.

2. Certain pronominal adverbs correspond to each other, like the adjectives given above. Such are the following:

Interrogative.

Tou; where ?

:

πού, somewhere. (ἔνθα), ἐνταῦθα, οὗ, ὅπου, where. ékeî, there.

*ņ; which way? τý, some way, (Tņ), Tîde, Taúтṇ, ỷ, öπŋ, which way,

how?

somehow.

this way, thus.

as.

Toî; whither?

Tol, to some
place.

ékeiσe, thither.

of, omoi, whither.

NOTE. There are no demonstratives corresponding to Toû aid oî, and equivalents of different form are given above. Forms which seldom or never occur in Attic prose are in ( ). Eva and eveev are relatives in prose, where, whence; as demonstratives they appear chiefly in a few expressions like ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα, here and there, ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν, on both sides. The indefinite adverbs are all enclitic (§ 27, 2).

VERBS.

§ 88. 1. The Greek verb has three voices, the active, middle, and passive.

NOTE 1. The middle voice generally signifies that the subject performs an action upon himself or for his own benefit (§ 199), but sometimes it is not distinguished from the active voice in meaning. The passive differs from the middle in form in only two tenses, the future and the aorist.

2. Deponent verbs are those which have no active voice, but are used in the middle or passive forms with an active sense.

NOTE. Deponents generally have the aorist and future of the middle form. A few, which have an aorist (sometimes a future) of the passive form, are called passive deponents; while the others are called middle deponents.

§ 89. There are five moods, the indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive. There are also participles of all the principal tenses.

NOTE. The first four moods, as opposed to the infinitive, are called finite moods. The last four, as opposed to the indicative, are called dependent moods.

§ 90. 1. There are seven tenses, the present, imperfect,

perfect, pluperfect, aorist, future, and future perfect. The imperfect and pluperfect are found only in the indicative. The future and future perfect are wanting in the subjunctive and imperative. The future perfect belongs regularly to the passive voice, but sometimes has the meaning of the active or middle.

2. The present, perfect, future, and future perfect indicative are called primary (or principal) tenses; the im

perfect, pluperfect, and aorist indicative are called secondary (or historical) tenses.

NOTE 1. Many verbs have tenses known as the second aorist (in all voices), the second perfect and pluperfect (active), and the second future (passive). These tenses are generally of more primitive formation than the first (or ordinary) aorist, perfect, &c. Very few verbs have both forms in any tense; when this occurs, the two forms generally differ in meaning (§ 92, 5).

NOTE 2. The aorist corresponds to the indefinite or historical perfect in Latin, and the Greek perfect corresponds generally to the English perfect or to the definite perfect in Latin.

NOTE 3. No Greek verb is in use in all these tenses, and the paradigm of the regular verb (§ 96) therefore includes parts of three different verbs.

91. There are three numbers, as in nouns, the singular, the dual, and the plural.

In each tense of the indicative, subjunctive, and optative, there are three persons in each number, the first, the second, and the third; in each tense of the imperative there are two, the second and the third.

NOTE. The first person dual is the same as the first person plural except in a very few poetic forms. This person is therefore omitted in the paradigms.

Tense Stems.

§ 92. 1. In a verb which has but one stem, like Aúw, the stem is the fundamental part which appears in all forms of the verb (§ 32, 2). In λύω this fixed part is λυ-, which is seen equally (though with change in the quantity of v) in λύω, ἔ-λ-ον, λύσω, ἔ-λύ-σα, λέ-λυκα, ἐλε-λύ-κειν, λέ-λυ-μαι, ἐλε-λύμην, ἐλύθην, λυθήσομαι. So in λέγω, πλέκω,

2. The stem which is the basis of the present and imperfect, however, is often not the same as the stem which appears in some or all of the other tenses. Thus in λείπω (§ 95), we find the stem λειπ- in most of the tenses ; but in the second aorists ἔ-λιπ-ov and -λιπ-όμην we find the stem λίπ-. In φαίνω (§ 95) we have φαινonly in the present and imperfect, and a stem påv(sometimes in the form on-) as the basis of the other tenses. Again, in pavávw, learn, we have the stem μαθ- in ἔμαθον ; and in λαμβάνω, take, we have λαβ- in Maßov. (See the Catalogue of Verbs.) As these stems λίπ, φαν-, μαθ-, λαβ-, are simpler and more primitive than λειπ-, φαιν-, μανθαν, λαμβαν-, they are called the simple stems of these verbs.

NOTE. The simple stem, or (in verbs like λú-w, λéy-w) the single stem, is often identical with the root (§ 32, 2, Note); as λiπ-, λăß-, λυ-, λεγ-, πλεκτ. In other verbs the stem is formed by adding a suffix to the root; as in ruά-w the single stem rua- (the same as that of the noun Tuń, § 35, N.) is formed from the root ri- by adding μα ; so in φαίνω the simple stem φαν- is itself derived from the root pa. The term simple stem or stem (if there is but one) denotes the simplest form which appears in the conjugation of a verb, whether it is the same as the root or not.

3. The stems of verbs are called vowel stems or consonant stems, and the latter are called mute stems (including labial, palatal, and lingual stems) or liquid stems, according to their final letter. Thus we name the stems

of φιλέω (φιλε-), λείπω (λειπ-, λίπ-), τρίβω (τρίβ-), γράφω (γράφ-), πλέκω (πλεκ-), φεύγω φευγ-, φυγ-), πείθω (πειθ-, πιθ-), φαίνω (φαιν-, φᾶν-), στέλλω (στελλ-, στελ-).