NOTE. A verb which has a vowel stem in all its tenses is called a pure verb; and one which has a mute stem or a liquid stem in all its tenses is called a mute or a liquid verb.

4. It will be seen by the synopsis (§ 95), that even the single stem Av- appears in several modified forms in different tenses of λύω; as λυ-, λυσ-, λελυκ-, and λυθε- (or λυθη-) enlarged to λυθησ-. In φαίνω the simple stem φᾶνappears also as φην-, πεφαν-, φανθε- (or φανθη), φανε(η)-, and φανησ-. In λείπω we find λειψ-, λελειπ-, λειφθε(η)- ; and λιπ- is modified in λε-λοιπ-. The form of stem which belongs to each tense (or group of tenses) is called a tense stem, and the forms of the verb which are based upon it constitute a tense system.

.

The following tense stems are distinguished in the Greek verb :

I. The PRESENT stem, of the present and imperfect of all voices; as λύ- in λύω, ἔ-λυ-ον, λύομαι, -λυ-όμην ; φαιν- in φαίνω, ἔφαινον, &c. ; λειπ- in λείπω, ἔλειπον, λείπομαι, &c.

II. The FUTURE stem, of the future active and middle; as λύσ-, in λύσω, λύσομαι; λειψ- in λείψω, λείψομαι; φᾶνε- in (φανέ-ω) φανῶ, (φανέ-ομαι) φανοῦμαι. The last form (in e) belongs to liquid stems.

III. The FIRST-AORIST stem, of the aorist active and middle; as λύσ- in ἔλυσα, ἐ-λυσάμην ; φην- in ἔφηνα, ἐφηνάμην. The last form (without σ) belongs to liquid stems.

IV. The PERFECT stem, of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. Of this there are four forms: (α) The Perfect-Middle stem; as λελυ- in λέλυ-μαι and ἐλελύμην, λελειπ- in λέλειμ-μαι and ελελείμ-μην (§ 16, 3), πεφαν- in πέφασ-μαι and επεφάσ-μην (§ 16, 6, Ν. 4). (6) The Perfect-Active stem ; as λελυ-κ-in λέλυκα and ἐλελύκειν, πεφαν-κ- (§ 16, 5) in πέφαγκα and έπεφάγ (c) The Future-Perfect stem; as λελυ-σ- in λελύσομαι, λελειψ- in λελείψομαι. (d) The SecondPerfect stem; as λελοιπ- in λέλοιπα and -λελοίπειν, πεφην- in πέφηνα and ἐ-πεφήν-ειν.

κειν.

V. The SECOND-AORIST stem, of the second aorist active and middle; as λίπ- in ἔ-λιπ-ον and ἐ-λιπ-όμην.

VI. The FIRST PASSIVE stem, of the first aorist and the first future passive; as (a) Avbe- (or Avon) in ἐ-λύθην and (λυθέ-ω) λυθῶ (subj.), λειφθε(η)- in -λείφθην and (λειφθέω) λειφθῶ (subj.), φανθε(η)- in εφάνθην and (φανθέω) φανθῶ (subj.); (6) λύθησε in λυθήσομαι, λειφθησ- in λειφθήσομαι.

VII. The SECOND PASSIVE stem, of the second aorist and the second future passive; as (α) φανε(η) in ἐφάνην and (φανέ-ω) φανῶ (subj.); (6) φανησ‐ in φανήσομαι.

NOTE. The three verbs λύω, λείπω, and φαίνω, from which the preceding examples are taken, give a general idea of the most common forms which the seven tense stems assume.

5. The principal parts of a Greek verb (by giving which we describe the verb) are the first person singular of the present, future, first aorist, and (first or second) perfect indicative active, the perfect and (first or second) aorist indicative passive, with the second aorist (active or middle) when one occurs.

E.g.

Λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λελυκα, λέλυμαι, ἐλύθην.

Λείπω, λείψω, λέλοιπα, λέλειμμαι, ελείφθην, ἔλιπον.

Φαίνω, φᾶνω, ἔφηνα, πέφαγκα (2 pf. πέφηνα), πέφασμαι, ἐφάνθην (2 aor. pass. ἐφάνην).

Πράσσω, do, πράξω, ἔπραξα, πέπραχα (2 pf. πέπραγα), πέπραγμαι, ἐπράχθην.

Στέλλω, send, στελῶ, ἔστειλα, ἔσταλκα, ἔσταλμαι, (2 a.p.) ἐστάλην.

We thus give every tense system which is in use, with two tenses formed from the perfect steni. Verbs with two perfects active, like πράσσω, or with two aorists passive, like φαίνω, are very rare.

6. In deponent verbs the principal parts are the present, future, perfect, and aorist (or aorists) indicative. E.g.

Βούλομαι, wish, βουλήσομαι, βεβούλημαι, ἐβουλήθην.

Γίγνομαι, become, γενήσομαι, γεγένημαι, ἐγενόμην.

(Αἰδέομαι) αἰδοῦμαι, respect, αἰδέσομαι, ᾔδεσμαι, ᾐδέσθην.

Σκέπτομαι, view, σκέψομαι, ἔσκεμμαι, ἐσκεψάμην.

Conjugation.

§ 93. 1. To conjugate a verb is to give all its voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons in their proper order.

2. These various parts of the verb are formed follows:

as

(a) By modifications of the stem itself in forming the different tense stems (§ 92, 4). These are explained in §§ 107-111.

(6) In all cases, by adding certain syllables to the tense stems ; as in λύομεν, λύσετε, λέλυται, λελύκ-ατε. These syllables and their composition are explained in §§ 112-117.

(c) In the secondary tenses of the indicative, by also prefixing to the tense stem (if this begins with a consonant), or lengthening its initial vowel (if it begins with a short vowel); as in Av-ov, ë-λvo-e, ἐφήνατο, ἐ-λελύκειν, and in ἤκουον, ἤκουσ-α, imperfect and aorist of ȧkovw, to hear. This prefix or lengthening does not belong to the tense stem, but disappears in the dependent moods and in the participle.

A prefix, seen in de- of λελυκα and λέλειμμαι, in πεof πέφασμαι, and e of ἔσταλμαι (§ 97, 4), for which a lengthening of the initial vowel is found in λλayμai (May) from aάoow (§ 97, 4), belongs to the perfect tense stem, and remains in all the moods and in the participle.

These prefixes and lengthenings (c), called augment (increase), are explained in §§ 99-106.

3. There are two principal forms of conjugation of Greek verbs, that of verbs in w and that of verbs in μ.

NOTE. Verbs in μ form a small class, compared with those in w, and are distinguished in their inflection almost exclusively in the present and second-aorist systems, in the other systems agreeing with verbs in w. conjugation of the latter is therefore given first, and under this head are stated the general principles which belong equally to both conjugations.

The

CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN 2.

§ 94. The present stem of a verb in w is found by dropping of the present indicative active, or ouai of the present indicative middle; as λúw (\v-), λeiπw (λειπ-), πράσσω (πρασσ-); βούλομαι (βουλ-), γίγνομαι (yeyr).

NOTE. The simple stem, when there is one distinct from the present stem, must be learnt by observation and by familiarity with the principles upon which the present stem is formed from the simple stem (§ 108).

§ 95. 1. The following synopses include:

I. All the tenses of Xúw, loose.

II. All the tenses of λeiπw, leave; the second perfect and pluperfect active and the second aorist active and middle being in heavy-faced type.

III. All the tenses of patvw, show; the future and aorist active and middle and the second aorist and second future passive being in heavy-faced type.

The synopsis of λów, with the forms in heavier type in the synopses of einw and paivw, will thus show the full conjugation of the verb in ; and only these forms are inflected in § 96. For the peculiar inflection of the perfect and pluperfect middle and passive of verbs with consonant stems, see § 97.

NOTE. The paradigms in § 96 include the perfect imperative active of λύω, λείπω, and φαίνω, although it is hardly possible that this tense can actually have been formed in any of these verbs. As it occurs, however, in a few verbs (in which the perfect has a present meaning), it is given here to complete the illustration of the forms. For the perfect subjunctive and optative active, which are more common in periphrastic forms, see § 118, 1.

For the quantity of u in λów, see § 109, 1, N. 1.

ບ