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The State since 1855 has had no county courts. | judge, except for the trial of capital offences, when Nine judges are elected by the Legislature for a one of the judges of the Supreme Court presides term of eight years, one of whom is also elected and is assisted by a judge of the Superior Court. Chief Justice, and he, with three of the Associate Any judge may hold special terms of the Superior Justices elected for that purpose, constitute the Court, but cannot at any special term try a cause Supreme Court of Errors, which is the High Court without the consent of both parties. In civil of Appeal for the State. The other five Associate cases the concurrence of nine jurors is sufficient Justices elected by the Legislature are not mem- for a verdict. The State's attorney for each county bers of the Supreme Court, but, in common with is appointed by the judges, who have power to rethe Supreme Court judges, preside over the Supe- move him for causes. There is no distinct Court rior Courts, which hold four terms annually in of Chancery in the State; but the Supreme Court each county. Judges Sanford, Dutton, and Butler has chancery jurisdiction. are now Associate Judges of the Supreme Court. Three of the four judges of the Supreme Court of Errors form a quorum for the transaction of business, and two terms of that court are held annually in each county.

The terms of the Superior Court are held by one

The following table gives a list of the State's attorneys in each county, and also of the clerks of the Superior Court, who are ex officio clerks of the Supreme Court when held in their respective counties.

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Items of Expenditure, for Current Expenses of the State Government.

For General Assembly, Regular Session. $40,388 Paymaster-General

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$403,331

65,421

Total.

25,709 Arms purchased (Crowningshield acc't).
53,033 Expenses of Families of Volunteers...
85,482 Expense of Outfits for Volunteers......
1,400 Interest paid on Loans and State Bonds
300 Superintendent of Common Schools, Sa-
22,025
1,169,778

76,833

110,099

40,636

43,775

3,232 $2,148,257

Sources of Income, Civil List.

Public Buildings and Institutions.........
Quartermaster-General.

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Resources.

$27,694,213

2,828,612

10,001,113

STATE DEBT.-Prior to May, 1861, the State had no debt, but, on the contrary, had, besides her large Loans and discounts......$27,086,326 school fund, a permanent general fund, amounting to $406,000, invested in bank-stocks of the banks of the State. The Legislature at its May session authorized the issue of $2,000,000 in bonds for war

purposes, $800,000 of which were issued in July, 1861, and $1,200,000 in January, 1862. These bonds were sold at a premium of $5,958 29. A loan of $50,000 was made in 1860 from the School fund, and this at the close of the fiscal year 1861-2 had not been paid. The United States Government issued to the State of Connecticut, in part payment of its indebtedness to that State for advances made to volunteers, a certificate of indebtedness for $606,000 bearing interest at 6 per cent. The account, therefore, stood on the 1st of April, 1862, as follows:

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BANKS AND SAVINGS-BANKS.

The condition of the banks of the State (75 in number) was as follows on the 1st of January and 1st of April, 1862.

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Stocks

Real estate and other
investments............... 1,474,780

Due by other banks...... 4,359,577

Notes of other banks......

Specie
Cash items.....

404,923 1,529,855 433,222

Total resources....... ..$38,117,295

1,518,317

$39,211,643

Of the loans and discounts in April, 1862, $6,102,484 was loaned to parties out of the State.

Savings-Banks.-There were in the State on the 1st of April, 1862, 45 savings-banks, besides 19 "Savings Banks and Building Associations," institutions now winding up under the law of the State. The 45 savings-banks proper had 88,373 depositors; the total amount of their deposits was $19,983,959 44, and they had invested in loans on real estate, $13,065,901 90; in loans on personal security, $1,209,632 68; in loans on stocks and bonds, $1,344,796 66, and owned bank-stocks to the amount of $1,404,198 16, railroad stocks and bonds, $939,501 05, and real estate and other securities to the value of $1,790,176 01. They had, besides, $516,031 73 cash on hand, making their entire assets $20,539,758 55, or $556,799 11 beyond their liabilities. The "Savings-Banks and Building Associations" had 3583 depositors; the amount of deposits was $692,752 83; amount of capital stock paid in, not stated; assets reported, $1,696,767 72.

RAILROADS.-The following table shows the condition of the railroads of the State on the 1st of April, 1862. It may be observed that though by the laws of the State the railroads are held to a April 1. strict accountability, and required, as a condition $21,790,937 of their charter, to make full reports annually of 6,079,204 their condition, and to adhere rigidly to the regu 8,023,681 lations laid down by the Legislature for their control, yet the State has never taken any share in their construction or loaned its credit to secure their bonds.

3,317,821 $39,211,643

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CANALS.-There is but one canal in the State, the Enfield Falls Canal, around the rapids in the Connecticut River, and lying in the towns of Suffield and Windsor Locks. This canal is 51⁄2 miles in length, has 3 locks, each 90 feet long by 20 wide, and has a total descent of 30 feet. The water-power thus obtained drives the machinery of a number of large manufactories, besides accommodating the moderate amount of navigation between Hartford and the towns on the river above the canal.

EDUCATION.-Common Schools and School Fund.The school fund of the State amounted on the 2d of September, 1860 (since which time no inventory seems to have been made of it), to $2,050,460 49. It yielded in 1861 a revenue of $137,305 07, and in 1862, $134,084 13. The disbursements of 1861 were $127,170 84; those of 1862 were $136,619 08. Of these, $124,647 35 was the amount divided to the schools of the State, being $1 15 per head to each child between the ages of 4 and 16 in the State. The number of children enumerated between these ages in the State in February, 1861, was 109,389; in February, 1862, 109,042, and the dividend that year was $130,850 40, or $1 20 to each scholar. The cost of the management of the fund and the distribution of its revenue for the year ending April 1, 1862, was $4,609 58,-about 3.41 per cent. on the income.

The number of towns in the State is 162, and returns were made from all. The number of school districts is 1623, in 46 of which no school which came up to the legal requirements was kept. The average number of children in each district between the ages of 4 and 16 was 67; the number of pupils registered as attending the winter schools was 73,949; ditto attending the summer schools, 67,982. The number of male teachers in winter was 970; in summer, 171: female teachers in winter, 1029; in summer, 1810. Average wages per month of male teachers, including board, $32 02. Highest county average of ditto, New Haven county, $34 25; lowest ditto, Tolland county, $26 31. Average wages per month of female teachers, including board, $16 14; highest county ditto, New Haven county, $18 60; lowest ditto, Litchfield county, $14 60. The average number of months in which schools are taught during the year is not given. The amount expended for common school education was: from the school fund, as above, $130,850 40; from interest of the town deposit fund (United States surplus revenue) devoted to school purposes, $45,819; from town tax for schools, $76,422; from district or other funds, $25,584; from property tax for support of schools, $87,231; from tuition bills of resident pupils,* $31,847; making a total expended for instruction only of $397,753 40. In addition to this, $79,835 was expended for new school-houses and repairs of the old; $4,749 91 for support of Nor*Probably under-estimated.

mal School; $3,232 for superintendence, holding teacher's institutes, &c., and $435 for district school libraries; making a total of $486,005 42 expended for common-school purposes for the year. The number of school-houses reported in good condition is 1280; in bad condition, 295; without out-buildings, 212; with enclosed yards, 177. There were school libraries in 583 districts; outline maps in 849 districts. Ten teacher's institutes were held during the year, and attended by 687 teachers. The State grants to any district commencing for the first time a school library the sum of $10, on condition of the raising an equal sum by the district, and $5 for each subsequent year, if an equal sum is raised. Graded schools have been established in most of the cities and larger villages of the State, and their good effects are apparent.

The State Normal School is at New Britain, David N. Camp, about 10 miles from Hartford. Superintendent of Public Schools, is Principal, and Henry B. Buckham, Vice-Principal, with 7 teachers and instructors. It was opened for pupils in May, 1850, and has had from that time to May, 1862, 196 pupils connected with it, of whom 168 have graduated. The number of pupils in any one term cannot exceed 220. The tuition is free. There is a model school connected with it, in which the pupils in turn are instructed in the art of teaching. The expenditure for the school for the year ending April 1, 1862, was $5124, of which $4750 was from State grants and $374+ from other sources. During the year, the number of pupils connected with the school was 174; their average age was 19.

There is in Norwich a free academy, forming the highest department of the public school, and munificently endowed by the citizens. In Hartford, Middletown, and New London, there are high schools, where the tuition is free, and to which pupils from the grammar-schools are admitted by examination: the course of study in these schools comprises not only academic but most of the collegiate studies. There are also numerous acade mies, seminaries, and literary institutions, some of them endowed, and many of them boarding their pupils.

COLLEGES, ETC.-There are three colleges in the State: Yale College, at New Haven; Trinity College, at Hartford; and Wesleyan University, at Middletown. For the condition of these, see Table of colleges, (pp. 644-45). There are three theological seminaries in the State, viz.: Yale Theological Seminary, a department of Yale College; the East Windsor Theological Institute, at East Windsor Hill, both Congregationalist; and the Berkeley Divinity School, Episcopal, at Middletown. The condition of these is given in the Table of Theological Seminaries, (pp. 650-51). There is one medical and one law school in the State, both at New Haven. The Sheffield Scientific School at New Haven furnishes a post-graduate course in

† $300 for aid to pupils for board.

mathematical and physical science of high cha- | parents, and of all their children in the order of

racter.

The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, at Hartford, is the first institution for the instruction of deaf-mutes established in this country. It was founded in 1817 The principal is Rev. William W. Turner, M.A., who is assisted by 17 other instructors. The whole number of pupils within the year was 257; the greatest number in attendance at one time was 222; and the average attendance through the year, 219. Of the whole number, 24 (12 males and 12 females) were supported by their friends; 43 (27 males and 16 females) by the State of Maine; 13 (8 males and 5 females) by New Hampshire; 23 (13 males and 10 females) by Vermont; 96 (55 males and 41 females) by Massachusetts; 16 (12 males and 4 females) by Rhode Island; and 42 (25 males and 16 females) by Connecticut.

The current expenses of the year were $49,873 02; of which $19,981 31 was received from States on account of beneficiaries, $1,876 19 on account of pay pupils, $24,913 28 from the fund commissioner, and the remainder from miscellaneous sources. The asylum has a fund derived from the sale of a township of land in Alabama granted them by Congress, which amounts in all to $307,000, of which somewhat more than $240,000 is productive. Besides this, they have buildings and grounds valued at $75,000. The number who have been educated at the asylum previous to May, 1862, is a little more than 1300. The asylum provides tuition, board, lodging, washing, fuel, lights, stationery, and other incidental expenses of the school-room, and a careful and continual superintendence of health, conduct, morals, and manners, at the annual charge of one hundred dollars. In case of sickness the necessary extra charges are made; but no deduction is made except for absence on account of sickness. Payments must be made six months in advance, and a satisfactory bond is required for the punctual payment. Persons applying for admission must be between the ages of 8 and 25 years, of good natural intellect, capable of forming and joining letters with a pen, legibly and correctly, free from any immoralities of conduct and from any contagious disease. Paying pupils or their parents or guardians may address their letters for admission to the principal of the asylum; beneficiaries, or those desiring to become such, from Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, to the Secretaries of their respective States; those from Vermont, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, to the Governors of those States. A certificate from two or more of the selectmen, magistrates, or respectable inhabitants of the place where the applicant resides, should accompany the application. The time for admission of pupils is the third Wednesday in September. The managers of the asylum require the following items of information in regard to each pupil:-bis name in full; the names of his

their ages; whether the parents were related before marriage; the time and place of his birth and place of his residence; whether he was born deaf, and, if not, what caused his deafness; whether he has deaf-mute relatives, and the name and address of the person with whom correspondence concerning him may be maintained.

There is no institution for the instruction of the blind in the State, but the State appropriates about $1500 per annum for the support of poor blind children at the Perkins Institution for the Blind at Boston. The appropriation for the year ending April 1, 1862, was $1,544 92.

INSTRUCTION OF IDIOTS.-A commission was appointed in 1855 to investigate the number and condition of the idiot children of the State. That' commission made an elaborate report, recommending the establishment of a school for their instruction. A bill making an appropriation for this purpose passed the House of Representatives in 1856, but failed in the Senate by the casting vote of the Lieutenant-Governor. In 1857 it passed the Senate, but failed in the House. In 1858, Dr." Henry M. Knight, one of the Commissioners, established at Lakeville, Litchfield county, a private institution for the instruction of idiot children, and in 1860 the Legislature granted to it aid to the extent of $1500, and in 1861 incorporated it as the Connecticut School of Imbeciles, continuing a grant of the same amount, which was also bestowed in 1862. The whole number of pupils in the year ending April 1, 1862, was 19; and the number at the close of the year was 15. Of these, 8 were studying geography, 5 arithmetic; 7 were able to write in books, and the whole on the blackboard; 7 could read handwriting; 2 were able to compose and write letters home; 8 could read. The amount of the State appropriation expended during the year was $1,488 55.

THE RETREAT FOR THE INSANE, Hartford.-This institution is not a State Asylum, but an incorporated hospital for the Insane, which contracts with the State for the accommodation and treatment of such of the insane poor as are deemed proper subjects for treatment there, but derives most of its support from private patients. John S. Butler, M.D., is the superintendent, and has had charge of it since 1843.. The following are its statistics for the year ending April 1, 1862. Whole number of patients remaining April 1, 1861, 226, viz. 109 males and 117 females; admitted during the year, 171 (79 males and 92 females); total number in the Retreat during the year 397 (188 males and 209 females). Of this number there were discharged, recovered, 71 (29 males, 42 females); much improved, 29 (16 males, 13 females); improved, 31 (16 males, 15 females); not improved, 28 (15 males, 13 females); died, 17 (7 males, 10 females); total discharged during the year, 176 (83 males, 93 females); and remaining in the Retreat, April 1, 1862, 221 patients (105

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