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6. Dryden knew more of man in his general náture, Pope in his local mànners. The notions of Dryden were formed by comprehensive speculation, those of Pope by minute attention.

The style of Dryden is capricious and varied; that of Pope is cautious and uniform. Dryden obeys the motions of his own mind; Pope constràins his mind to his own rules of composition. Dryden is sometimes vehement and rápid; Pope is always smooth, uniform, and gentle. Dryden's page is a natural field, rising into inequalities, and diversified by the varied exuberance of abundant vegetátion; Pope's is a velvet làwn, shaven by the scythe, and levelled by the roller.

If the flights of Dryden are higher, Pope continues longer on the wing. If of Dryden's fire, the blaze is brighter; of Pope's the heat is more règular and constant, Dryden often surpasses expectation, and Pope never falls below it. Dryden is read with frequent astónishment, and Pope with perpetual delight.

7. Never before were so many opposing interests, passions, and principles, committed to such a decision. On one side an attachment to the ancient order of things, on the other a passionate desire of change; a wish in some to perpétuate, in others to destroy every thing; every abuse sacred in the eyes of the former, every foundation attempted to be demolished by the latter; a jealousy of power shrinking from the slightest innovátion, pretensions to freedom pushed to madness and anarchy; superstition in all its dotage, impiety in all its fury.

Page 31.

EXERCISE 5.

The pause of suspension requires the rising slide. Several kinds of sentences are classed under this rule, in the body of the work; but as the principle is the same in all, no distinction ís necessary in the Exercises.

1. For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto júdgement; and spared not the old world, but saved Noah the eighth person, à preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly; and turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah into ashes, condemned them with an overthrów, mak

ing them an ensample unto those that after should live ungódly; And delivered just Lot, vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked: (For that righteous man dwelling among them, in seeing and hearing, vexed his righteous soul from day to day with their unlawful-deeds;) The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations, and to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgement to be punished.

2. If reason teaches the learned, necessity the barbárian, common custom all nations in géneral; and if even nature itself instructs the brutes to defend their bodies, limbs, and lives, when attacked, by all possible méthods; you cannot pronounce this action criminal, without determining at the same time that whoever falls into the hands of a highwayinan, must of necessity perish either by his sword or your decisions. Had Milo been of this opinion, he would certainly have chosen to fall by the hands of Clodius, who had more than once, before this, made an attempt upon his life, rather than be executed by your order, because he had not tamely yielded himself a victim to his rage. But if none of you are of this opinion, the proper question is, not whether Clodius was killed? for that we grant: but whether jústly or unjustly? an inquiry of which many precedents are to be found.

3. Seeing then that the soul has many different faculties, or in other words, many different ways of ácting; that it can be intensely pleased or made happy by áll these different faculties, or ways of acting; that it may be endowed with several latent faculties, which it is not at present in a condition to exért; that we cannot believe the soul is endowed with any faculty which is of no úse to it; that whenever any one of these faculties is transcendently pleased, the soul is in a state of happiness; and in the last place, considering that the happiness of another world is to be the happiness of the whole mán; who can question but that there is an infinite variety in those pleasures we are speaking of; and that this fulness of joy will be made up of all those pleasures which the nature of the soul is capable of receiving?

4. When the gay and smiling aspect of things has begun to leave the passages to a man's heart thus thoughtlessly unguárded; when kind and caressing looks of every object without, that can flatter his senses, has conspired with the enemy within, to betray him and put him off his defence:

when music likewise hath lent her aid, and tried her power upon the pássions; when the voice of singing men, and the voice of singing women, with the sound of the viol and the lute, have broken in upon his soul, and in some tender notes have touched the secret springs of rápture,—that moment let us dissect and look into his hèart;-see how vàin, how weak, how empty a thing it is!

5. Beside the ignorance of masters who teach the first rudiments of reading, and the want of skill, or negligence in that article, of those who teach the learned languages; beside the erroneous manner, which the untutored pupils fall into, through the want of early attention in masters, to correct small faults in the beginning, which increase and gain strength with years; beside bad habits contracted from imitation of particular persons, or the contagion of example, from a general prevalence of a certain tone or chant in reading or reciting, peculiar to each school, and regularly transmitted, from one generation of boys to another: beside all thése, which are fruitful sources of vicious elocution, there is one fundamental error, in the method universally used in teaching to read, which at first gives a wrong bias, and leads us ever after blindfold from the right path, under the guidance of a false rùle.

6. A guilty or a disconténted mind, a mind, ruffled by ill fortune, disconcerted by its own pássions, soured by néglect, or fretting at disappointments, hath not leisure to attend to the necessity or reasonableness of a kindness desíred, nor a taste for those pleasures which wait on benefi cence, which demand a calm and unpolluted heart to rèlish them.

7. "I perfectly remember, that when Calidius prosecuted Q. Gallius for an attempt to poison hím, and pretended that he had the plainest proofs of it, and could produce many letters, witnesses, informations, and other evidences to put the truth of his charge beyond a doubt, interspersing many sensible and ingenious remarks on the nature of the crime; I remember," says Cicero, "that when it came to my turn to reply to him, after urging every argument which the case itself suggésted, I insisted upon it as a material circumstance in favor of my client, that the prosecutor, while he charged him with a design against his life, and assured us that he had the most indubitable proofs of it then in his hands, related his story with as much ease, and as much

calmness and indifference, as if nothing had happened.” -"Would it have been possible," exclaimed Cicero, (addressing himself to Calídius,) "that you should speak with this air of unconcern, unless the charge was purely an invention of your ówn ?—and, above all, that you, whose eloquence has often vindicated the wrongs of other people with so much spirit, should speak so coolly of a crime which threatened your life?"

8. To acquire a thorough knowledge of our own hearts. and characters, to restrain every irregular inclinátion,-to subdue every rebellious pássion,-to purify the motives of our conduct,-to form ourselves to that temperance which no pleasure can sedúce,-to that meekness which no provocation can rúffle,-to that patience which no affliction can overwhelm, and that integrity which no interest can shake; this is the task which is assigned to us,—a task which cannot be performed without the utmost diligence and care.

9. The beauty of a pláin, the greatness of a mountain, the ornaments of a building, the expression of a pícture, the composition of a discourse, the conduct of a third pérson, the proportion of different quantities and numbers, the various appearances which the great machine of the universe is perpetually exhibiting, the secret wheels and springs which produce them, all the general subjects of science and táste, are what we and our companions regard as having no peculiar relation to either of us.

10. Should such a man, too fond to rule alóne,
Bear, like the Turk, no bróther near the throne,
View him with scornful, yet with jealous eyes,
And hate for arts that caus'd himself to rise;
5 Damn with faint práise, assent with civil léer,
And, without sneering, teach the rést to sneer;
Willing to wound, and yet affraid to strike,
Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike;
Alike reserv'd to blame, or to comménd,
10 A tim❜rous foe, and a suspicious friend;
Dreading even fools, by Flatterers besiég'd,
And so obliging, that he ne'er oblig'd;
Like Cato, give his little senate laws,
And sit attentive to his own applause;

15 While Wits and Templars every sentence ráise,
And wonder with a foolish face of praise-

Who but must laugh, if such a man there be?
Who would not weep, if ATTICUS were he!

11. For these reasons, the senate and people of Áthens, (with due veneration to the gods and heroes, and guardians of the Athenian city and territory, whose aid they now implóre; and with due attention to the virtue of their ances tors, to whom the general liberty of Greece was ever dearer than the particular interest or their own státe,) have resolved that a fleet of two hundred vessels shall be sent to sea, the admiral to cruise within the straits of Thermopyla.

As to my own abilities in spéaking, (for I shall admit this charge, although experience hath convinced me, that what is called the power of eloquence depends for the most part upon the héarers, and that the characters of public speakers are determined by that degree of favor which you Vouchsafe to éach,) if long practice, I say, hath given me any proficiency in speaking, you have ever found it devoted to my country.*

Of the various exceptions which fall under the rule of suspending inflection, the only one which needs additional exemplification, is that, where emphasis requires the intensive falling slide, to express the true sense. See pp. 32 & 43. In some cases of this sort, the omission of the falling slide only weakens the meaning; in others it subverts it.

1. If the population of this country were to remain stàtionary, a great increase of effort would be necessary to supply each family with a Bíble; how much more when this population is increasing every day.

2. The man who cherishes a strong ambition for preferment, if he does not fall into adulation and servility, is in danger of losing all manly independence.

3. For if the mighty works which have been done in thee had been done in Sodom,† it would have remained unto this day.

EXERCISE 6.

Page 32. Tender emotion inclines the voice to the rising slide.

*

1. And when Joseph came home, they brought him the

I have not thought it necessary to give examples of the cases in which emphasis requires the falling slide at the close of a parenthesis. + Even in Sodom, is the paraphrase of this emphasis, and so in the two preceding examples.

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