Clarke.

the B flat C., a whole tone below the C; and the A C., a minor third below the C. In military music, an E flat C., a minor third above the C one, is much used.

CLARION, a co. in n.w. Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany and Clarion rivers, traversed by the Alleghany railroad, 600 sq.m.; pop. '70, 26,537. Surface hilly, and soil fertile, producing wheat, corn, oats, rye, buckwheat, butter, wool, etc. Co. seat, Clarion.

CLARION, or CLAR'IN, a species of trumpet, more shrill in tone than the ordinary one; also the name of an organ-stop of four feet pitch.

CLARK, a co. in e. Illinois, bordering on Indiana, and bounded on the s.c. by Wabash river, intersected by the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad; 460 sq.m.; pop. '70, 18,719. The chief business is agriculture. Co. seat, Marshall.

CLARK, a co. in central Kentucky, bounded by the Red and Kentucky rivers on the s.; intersected by the Lexington and Big Sandy railroad; 210 sq.m.; pop. '70, 10,822 -3,715 colored. It has a hilly and broken surface, with unusually fertile soil; chief products, wheat, corn, butter, and wool. Co. seat, Winchester.

CLARK, a co. in s.e. Mississippi, on the Alabama border, intersected by the Mobile and Ohio railroad; 650 sq.m.; pop. '70, 7,505-3,439 colored. The region is hilly, and occupied chiefly by pasture lands. The crops are corn, cotton, rice, etc. Co. seat, Quitman.

The

CLARK, a co. in s. w. Ohio, on Mad river, traversed by the Cincinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis, and a branch of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis railroads; 380 sq.m.; pop. '70, 32,070. surface is diversified; soil fertile, with plenty of timber, and well watered. The chief products are wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, butter, wool, and flax. Co. seat, Springfield.

CLARK, a co. in Wisconsin, on the Black and Eau Claire rivers, reached by the w. branch of the Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad; 1548 sq.m.; pop. 70, 3,450. It has a hilly surface and fertile soil. Agriculture is the chief business. Co. scat, Neilsville.

CLARK, ABRAHAM; 1726-94; one of the signers of the declaration of American independence. He was a native of New Jersey, in which colony and state he held many important offices, representing the state in congress, and in the commercial convention of 1786.

CLARK, ALONZO, a graduate of Williams college, and in medicine of the New York college of physicians and surgeons in 1835, in which institution he was professor of physiology and pathology, and of the practice of medicine. He has been president of the New York state medical society, and has been a leading hospital and general practitioner in New York city for many years.

CLARK, ALVAN, b. Mass., 1804; the son of a farmer, and a self-taught engraver, portrait-painter, and optician. His telescopes have won high reputation and the praise of astronomers in all countries. He is the inventor of a double eye-piece, an ingenious method of measuring celestial arcs of from three to sixty seconds. In 1863, with one of his own telescopes he discovered a new star near Sirius, in honor of which the French academy of sciences awarded to him the Lalande prize.

CLARK, DAVIS WASGATT, D.D., 1812-71; a native of Maine, graduated at Wesleyan university in 1826, and for seven years presided over the Amenia seminary. In 1852, he was editor of the Ladies' Repository, and of the works issued by the western Methodist .book concern. In 1864, he was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church. Ho published Treatise on Mental Discipline; Fireside Readings; Life and Times of Bishop Hedding; Man Immortal; Sermons; etc.

CLARK, Sir JAMES, Bart., a distinguished physician, was born at Cullen, Banffshire, Dec., 1788. His early education was obtained at the grammar-school of Fordyce; and he afterwards passed to King's college, Aberdeen, where he took the degree of M.A. He studied medicine at Edinburgh and London, and entered as a navy surgeon in 1809a position he held until 1815. Taking his degree of M.D. in Edinburgh in 1817, he, after traveling on the continent, settled at Rome, where he practiced as a physician for eight years. In 1826, he took up his residence in London, where he soon secured for himself a prominent place among the most eminent medical men of the time. On the accession of queen Victoria to the throne, C., who for two years previously had acted as physician to the duchess of Kent, was appointed physician in ordinary to her majesty; and in that capacity he attended the queen on most of her journeys to Scotland and the continent. He was created a baronet in 1838. Among the most important of C.'s contributions to medical science, is his work On the Sanative Influence of Climate, a subject upon which he was considered a high authority; and A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption. in which he showed that this destructive malady is one of the general health, depending upon mal-assimilation of the food, and to be prevented, and in certain cases arrested, by a wise regulation of food, air, and exercise. He was among the first in his profession, along with Dr. Andrew Combe and sir John Forbes, who demonstrated the importance of the study of the laws of health, in order to the salutary direction and control of morbid action in disease; and he did great public and professional good by

Clarke.

inculcating attention to the powers of recovery inherent in all living organisms. C. edited the last edition of Dr. Combe's Management of Infancy. He died June 29, 1870.

CLARK, JONAS, 1730–1805; a graduate of Harvard in 1752, and pastor at Lexington, Mass. It was near his residence that the first blood of the revolution was shed. The next year he preached an anniversary sermon on the battle.

CLARK, LEWIS GAYLORD, 1810-73; for 25 years the editor of the Knickerbocker Magazine, a monthly publication in New York city. He was the twin brother of Willis Gaylord, who wrote the Ollapodiana for the Knickerbocker, and at the time of his death (1841) was the editor of the Philadelphia Gazette.

CLARK, THOMAS, 1801-67; a Scotch chemist, and lecturer on chemistry, in the Glasgow mechanics institution. He was apothecary to the Glasgow infirmary, and in 1833 was professor of chemistry in Marischal college, Aberdeen. He made many valuable discoveries in chemical science.

CLARK, THOMAS MARCH, D.D., LL.D., b. Mass., 1812; graduate of Yale, in 1831; studied theology at Princeton, and was licensed to preach in 1835. In 1836, he became an Episcopalian, and was made_rector of Grace church, Boston. In 1843, he went to Philadelphia, but returned to Boston four years later. In 1854, he was consecrated bishop of Rhode Island. He has published Early Discipline and Culture and Primary Truths of Religion.

CLARKE, a co. in s. w. Alabama, between the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers; 1270 sq.m.; pop. '70, 14,663-7,565 colored. The surface is uneven, and much of it is cov ered with pine forests. Corn and cotton are the leading productions. Co. seat, Clarks ville.

CLARKE, a co. in s. w. Arkansas, on the Washita and Little Missouri rivers, 941 sq.m.; pop. '70, 11,953-3,492 colored. The chief productions are corn and cotton. Co. seat, Arkadelphia.

CLARKE, a co. in n.e. central Georgia, on by the Athens branch of the Georgia railroad. Productions; wheat, corn, oats, cotton, etc. Co. seat, Athens.

the Oconee river and its branches, reached The land is poor, except near the streams. Gold, garnets, and tourmaline are found.

CLARKE, a co. in s.e. Indiana, on the Ohio river, traversed by four or five railroads; 400 sq.m.; pop. '70, 24,770. The surface is level and the soil fertile. Iron, limestone, and hydraulic cement are found. Productions, wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, butter, wool, tobacco, and sorghum molasses. Co. seat, Charleston.

road.

CLARKE, a co. in s. w. Iowa, traversed by the Burlington and Missouri River railDrained by the e. fork of Grand, and Whitebreast, and South rivers, 432 sq.m.; pop. '70, 8,735. Surface mainly prairie, and soil good; products, wheat, corn, oats, butter, wool, etc. Co. seat, Osceola,

CLARKE, a co. in n.e. Missouri, on the Mississippi and Des Moines rivers; 516 sq.m.;.pop. 70, 13,669. The surface is uneven, chiefly of fertile prairie lands, with forests of good timber. Productions almost entirely agricultural. Co. seat, Waterloo. CLARKE, a co. in n. Virginia, on the West Virginia border, traversed by the Winchester, Potomac and Strasburg division of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and intersected by the Shenandoah river, 208 sq.m.; pop. '70, 6,670-2,159 colored. It is a hilly region, with fertile soil, producing wheat, corn, wool, etc. Co. seat, Berryville.

W.

by

CLARKE, a co. in the s. w. part of Washington territory, bounded s. an Columbia river, which separates it from Oregon; 1400 sq.m.; pop. '70, 3,081. The soil is fertile, and agriculture is the chief business. Co. seat, Fort Vancouver.

CLARKE, ADAM, LL.D., an eminent minister and scholar of the Wesleyan Methodists, was b. about 1762 in the north of Ireland. He studied at Kingswood, near Bristol, and at the age of twenty, became a preacher or evangelist, in which capacity he obtained a great name, and seems to have exercised a most beneficial influence. Although the office of a Wesleyan pastor is very unfavorable for the development of scholarly habits, C. contrived to find time for extensive study. His first work was a Bibliographical Dietionary, published in 1802. His attainments in oriental literature and Biblical knowedge procured for him the degree of LL.D. from St. Andrews university. The board of commissioners on the public records selected him to edit Rymer's Fadera. He also edited and abridged several other works, but the great work of his life was his edition of the Holy Scriptures in English, illustrated with a commentary and critical notes, into which were compressed all the results of his varied reading. The first volume appeared in 1810, the eighth and last in 1826. C. died Aug. 26, 1832.

CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL, known as a traveler and author, was b. at Willingdon, in Sussex, in 1769. He studied at Cambridge, and from 1790 to 1799 was employed as tutor and traveling-companion in several noblemen's families, and made the tour of Great Britain, France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. In 1799, he set out on an extensive tour with Mr. Cripps, a young man of fortune; they traversed Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Russia, the country of the Don-Cossacks, Tartary, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Greece, and did not return to England till 1802. In conse

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quence of his donations to the university of Cambridge, C. received the degree of LL.D. In 1807, he began a course of lectures on mineralogy, and the university established a professorship of that science in his favor. He presented to the library of Cambridge a number of valuable marbles collected during his travels; among others, the colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres, on which he wrote a treatise in 1803. England is also indebted to him for the possession of the famous sarcophagus with the inscription in three languages. On this he wrote a treatise: The Tomb of Alexander, a Dissertation on the Sarcophagus brought from Alexandria, and now in the British Museum (Lond. 1805). His "Travels," of which the first volume was published in 1810, and the fifth in 1819, were received with extraordinary favor. An additional volume, containing his Travels through Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Norway, Finland, and Rus sic, was published after his death (Lond. 1823). A complete edition of his travels appeared in 11 vols. (Lond. 1819-24). The university of Cambridge purchased his Greek and oriental manuscripts, among which is the famous Codex of Plato, which C. discovered in the island of Patmos. C. died Mar. 9, 1822.

CLARKE, GEORGE ROGERS, 1752-1818; a native of Virginia, who served against Benedict Arnold in that colony in 1780. He was made a brig.gen. in 1781.

CLARKE, HENRY F., b. 1820; graduated at West Point in 1843. He served in the Mexican war, and was in ten battles; at Molino del Rey he was wounded. In the war of the rebellion he served in the commissary department, and was made brevet maj.gen. CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN, D.D., b. N. H., 1810; a graduate of Harvard, and of Cambridge divinity school, pastor of a Unitarian church in Louisville, Ky., then of the Church of the Disciples in Boston; and for many years one of the overseers of Harvard college. Besides a vast number of articles contributed to current journals and magazines, he has published Theodore (a translation from the German); Campaign of 1812; Eleven Weeks in Europe; Christian Doctrine and Forgiveness; Service Book and Hymn Book for the Church of the Disciples; Memoirs of the Marchioness d'Ossoli; Christian Doctrine of Prayer; The Hour which Cometh and Now Is; Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors; Steps of Belief; The Ten Great Religions; Common Sense in Religion, etc.

CLARKE, JOHN, 1609-76; an English physician, who came to Massachusetts soon after the Plymouth settlement was effected. He was one of the friends of Ann Hutchinson, and with her was driven out of the colony. Roger Williams received him, and Clarke thus became one of the founders of Rhode Island. He founded in Newport (in 1638, some say; others, 1644) a Baptist church, which some believe to be the earliest in America of that denomination. He went with Williams to England in 1651, as an agent for the colony, and there published Ill News from New England, or a Narrative of New England Persecution. After spending 12 years in England, he procured a second charter for Rhode Island, which secured to every person at all times the right to follow his own judgment in matters of religious concern On his return, he resumed the care of the Newport church, and kept the pulpit until his death.

CLARKE, MCDONALD, 1798-1842; known as the "mad poet." He was a native of Connecticut, but was for many years a conspicuous figure in New York city. His madness was never violent, nor of easy detection by strangers. It was a boundless egotism rather than lunacy. He believed himself to be a great poet, and wrote a few good lines amidst an ocean of trash. Some of his conceits were admirable, however, and such a striking figure as this, "Night drew her mantle o'er her breast, and pinned it with a star," will have long life. Personally, he was excessively formal and polite, and free from bad habits. Though always in the depths of poverty, he played the gentleman to the last. His death was peculiarly sad. He was arrested one night by a watchman, who did not know him, as a destitute vagrant, and locked in a cell. In the morning he was found dead, drowned by an overflow of water caused by neglecting to shut off the faucet.

CLARKE, MARY VICTORIA COWDEN, b. 1809; daughter of Vincent Novello, and sister of Clara Novello, the vocalist. She was the pupil and associate of Mary Lamb, and was familiar with the literary men and women of half a century ago. At the age of 19 she was married to Charles Cowden Clarke, and soon afterwards began the great work of her life, the Concordance to Shakespeare. This book cost her 16 years of almost uninterrupted labor. It was published in London in 1846. She afterwards published The Adventures of Kit Bam, Mariner; The Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines; The Iron Cousin; World-noted Women; Portia, and other Stories of the Early Days of Shakespeare's Heroines, etc.

CLARKE, Dr. SAMUEL, an eminent philosopher and theologian, was b. at Norwich, Oct. 11, 1675, and educated at Cambridge. The system of Descartes at that time held almost universal sway; but this failing to satisfy his mind, he adopted the views of his contemporary and friend, Newton. Along with philosophy, he pursued the study of theology and philology. He was some time chaplain to the bishop of Norwich, a promoter of science; he afterwards became chaplain to queen Anne, and in 1709, rector of St. James's. By his work on the Trinity (1712), in which he denied that that doctrine was held by the early church, he brought himself into considerable trouble. The convocation of bishops, who wished to avoid controversy, contented themselves with

an explanation, anything but satisfactory, and a promise from C. to be silent for the future on that subject. His views were of the kind known as semi-Arian. For the rest, C. was a vigorous antagonist of the freethinkers of his time; in opposition to Dodwell, he sought to demonstrate the immortality of the soul from the idea of an immaterial being. He died May 17, 1729. His most famous work is Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (Lond. 1705); connected with it in subject is his Verity and Certitude of Natural and Revealed Religion (Lond. 1705). At the instigation of the princess of Wales, who was inclined to the doctrines of Leibnitz, C. entered into a keen correspondence with that philosopher on space and time, and their relations to God, on moral freedom, etc. This correspondence was published under the title of Collection of Papers which passed between Leibnitz and Clarke in the years 1715 and 1716 (Lond. 1717). In his ethical disquisitions, he seeks to find a foundation for moral obligation in a peculiar principle, which he calls the fitness of things, or the relations of things established from eternity by God. He published a valuable edition of Cæsar (Lond. 1712); that of Homer (Lond. 1729-46) was completed by his son. llected edition of his philosophical works appeared in 4 vols., Lond., 1738–42.

A col

CLARKE, WILLIAM, 1770-1838; a native of Va., appointed by Jefferson second lieut. of artillery, and ordered to join the Rocky mountain expedition which left St. Louis in Mar., 1804. To Clarke's thorough knowledge of Indians and their habits the success of the expedition was mainly due. In 1813, he was appointed governor of Missouri, and held the office until the state organization was completed. In 1822, he was made superintendent of Indian affairs, which office he held until his death.

CLARKE'S FORK, or CLARKE'S RIVER, formed by the junction of Flathead and Bitter-root rivers, in Montana, and flowing n.w., joining the Columbia river almost exactly on the line between the United States and Canada; length, about 650 miles.

CLARKSON, THOMAS, an eminent philanthropist, the son of a clergyman, master of the free grammar school at Wisbeach, Cambridge, was b. in that town, Mar. 28, 1760. He studied at Cambridge university, and was led to become the promoter of the anti-slavery agitation in Great Britain by a Latin prize-essay which he wrote in 1785, on the question, "Is it right to make slaves of others against their will?" An English translation, on being published, had an extensive circulation, and C. resolved to devote his life to a crusade against African slavery. Associations were formed, and, besides visiting the principal towns of England, and even going to Paris, in the cause, C. published numerous essays, pamphlets, and reports on the subject. Mr. Wilberforce, M.P., whose co-operation C. had secured, took the lead in the anti-slavery agitation, and in 1787 brought the subject before parliament. On Mar. 25, 1807, the law for the suppression of th_eslave-trade passed the legislature. and C. subsequently wrote a History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-trade, 2 vols. 8vo., 1808. On the formation of the anti-slavery society, in 1823, for the abolition of slavery in the West Indies, C. became one of its leading members, and saw the object of its efforts attained in 1833. He took an active part in other benevolent schemes, particularly in establishing institutions for seamen in seaport towns, similar to the sailors' homes. He was in deacon's orders in the church of England, but manifested great liking for the society of Friends, although he never joined them. He died Sept. 26, 1846.

CLARKSVILLE, a village in Montgomery co., Tenn., on the Cumberland river, and the Memphis and Louisville railroad, 48 m. n. of Nashville; pop. 3,200. It is a shipping point for tobacco, and the center of a large trade in that article.

CLARY, Salvia sclarea, a plant of the same genus with sage (q.v.), a native of Italy and other southern countries of Europe, and which has been cultivated in British gardens from a very early period for its aromatic and other properties. It is a biennial, about 2 ft. high, with clammy stem, large, heart-shaped, rough, and doubly crenate leaves, and whorls of pale-blue flowers in loose terminal spikes, with large colored bractea. The seed is generally sown in spring, and the plants flower in the second year. C. is antispasmodic and stimulating. It has an odor resembling that of balsam of tolu, and is used for seasoning soups, and in confectionery for flavoring. Its flowers are used for making a fermented wine, esteemed for its flavor.—A British species of salvia (S. verbenaca) is sometimes called wild clary.

CLASSICS. The term classici was originally applied to those citizens of Rome that belonged to the first and most influential of the six classes into which Servius Tullius divided the population. As early as the 2d c. after Christ, it is applied figuratively by Gellius to writers of the highest rank, and this mode of designation has since been very generally adopted both in literature and art. Most nations have had at some one time a more than usual outburst of literature, and they usually style this the classical period of their literature, and its most distinguished writers their classics. But as the great productions of the writers and artists of antiquity have continued to be looked upon by moderns as models of perfection, the word C. has come to designate, in a narrower sense, the best writers of Greece and Rome, and "classical" to mean much the same as "ancient."

CLASSIFICATION, the act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into groups, such as classes, orders, families, etc., according to relations or allinities. Arti

ficial C. is an arrangement based on relations, or in ignorance of them. found in nature.

principles adopted without reference to natural Natural C. is an exhibition of systematic order as

CLASSIS, in the Reformed church of Holland (and thence brought to America) the name of an ecclesiastical body, corresponding to a presbytery. The C. hears appeals from the consistories, which are the official boards of local churches, and the synod hears appeals from the Classis. The C. also confirms and dissolves pastoral connections, ordains and deposes ministers, and sends delegates to the local and general synods.

CLATSOP, a co. in n.w. Oregon, on the Columbia river and the Pacific ocean; 1100 sq.m.; pop. '70, 1255. The soil is good, and timber is abundant. Co. seat, Astoria. CLAUDE, ST., a t. of France, in the department of Jura, romantically situated at the confluence of the Bienne and Tacon, 25 m. s. of Lons-le-Saulnier. The town originated in an abbey erected here in the 5th century. The abbey enjoyed extensive privileges, including a very oppressive one-viz., that a year's residence on the abbey-lands made a peasant a serf. Serfdom continued down to the revolution. St. C. has a fine cathedral, and manufactures of cotton and paper; and musical-boxes, snuff boxes, toys, and fancy articles of horn, bone, etc., are largely made. Pop. '76, 6,632.

CLAUDE, JEAN, 1619-87; a French Protestant preacher and controvertist, professor of theology in the Protestant college at Nimes. He had a long controversy with Bossuet and Arnauld concerning the cucharist. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes he filed to Holland, and preached at the Hague until his death.

CLAUDE LORRAINE (properly named CLAUDE GELÉE), a celebrated landscapepainter, was a native of Lorraine, and b. in 1600. A relative, who traveled as a lacedealer, took C., when still a boy, to Italy, but deserted him in Rome. However, he soon found employment in grinding colors and doing other menial services for Agostino Tassi, a landscape-painter, from whom he gained some knowledge of art. He next studied under Godfrey Waals at Naples, and after some time spent in wandering through various portions of Europe, he finally settled at Rome in 1627. The demand for his pictures rapidly increased, and he received numerous commissions. C. died of gout in 1682.

C.'s landscapes are found in the chief galleries of Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, and in particular England, which, according to Dr. Waagen, contains 54 paintings by Claude. Four of his best works-the landscapes known as "Morning," "Noon," "Evening," and "Twilight"-are in the royal gallery at St. Petersburg. The painting on which C. himself set the highest value is the "Villa Madama." He kept it as a study, and refused to sell it, even when pope Clement IX. offered for it as much gold coin as would cover the canvas. As C.'s paintings have always commanded very high prices, many copies and imitations have been imposed on buyers. This was the case even during the artist's life-time; for he set high prices on his works. In order to stop the fraudulent trade carried on in his name, he collected the sketches of his pictures in 6 books, to which he gave the title Libri Veritatis. They are now in the library of the duke of Devonshire.

C. was an earnest, indefatigable student of nature, and possessed great invention. No one could paint with greater beauty, brilliancy, and truth the effects of sunlight at various hours of the day, of wind or foliage, the dewy moistness of morning shadows, or the magical blending of faint and ever fainter hues in the far horizon of an Italian sky; but it has been affirmed-especially of late-that his conception is often artificial, conventional, and positively untrue, and it must certainly be admitted that his introduction of pseudo-Greek architecture into modern scenery is in the very worst taste. His figures are, in general, such inferior accessories, that he was wont to say he made no charge for them when he sold his pictures. In his private character, C. was amiable and very generous.

CLAUDET'S FORCIM'ETER, an instrument for ascertaining the coincidence or noncoincidence of the chemical and visual foci in portrait or landscape combinations of lenses. It consists of eight fans or equal segments of a circle, arranged spirally round a horizontal axis; they are white, and numbered from one to eight with black figures, and, when in use, are so placed as to be all seen together from the lens. The method usually adopted in testing a lens is to focus with great accuracy the fan numbered 4, and take a photograph of the instrument, in which, if No. 4 be the sharpest and best defined, it is a proof of the coincidence of the chemical with the visual focus; if, however, No. 3 should be sharper, the lens has been under-corrected; if No. 5, the lens has been over-corrected, in the former case, the lens must be turned more towards the ground glass, and in the latter further from the ground glass.

CLAUDIA'NAS, CLAUDIUS, a Latin poet of Alexandria, lived in the end of the 4th and beginning of the 5th century. He wrote first in Greek, which appears to have been his native tongue (though he was originally of Roman extraction); but, as Gibbon says, he "assumed in his mature age the familiar use and absolute command of the Latin language; soared above the heads of his feeble contemporaries; and placed himself, after an interval of 300 years, among the poets of ancient Rome." His poems brought him into such reputation that, at the request of the senate, the emperors Arcadius and