undertaken as a republication of the Catalogue of the Lords of Session,' prepared by Lord Hailes in 1767, with a continuation to the time of its issue, became a collection of short biographies. Brunton was a frequent contributor to periodicals, and an advanced liberal. He established in 1834 a weekly Saturday newspaper called 'The Patriot,' which was dropped upon his death (Tait's Edinburgh Magazine,November 1836). Brunton died on 2 June 1836, at Paris, whither he had gone in search of health.

[Edinburgh Almanac, 1831-7; Caledonian Mercury, 11 June 1836; Gent. Mag. July 1836; Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, November 1836 Irving's Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, 1881.] A. H. G.

BRUNTON, MISS LOUISA. [See CRAVEN.]

BRUNTON, MARY (1778-1818), novelist, was daughter of Colonel Thomas Balfour of Elwick. Her mother was the daughter of Colonel Ligonier. Mary Balfour was born in the island of Barra, Orkney, on 1 Nov. 1778. Her early education was irregular, but the girl learned music, French, and Italian. From her sixteenth to her twentieth year she managed her father's household. About 1798 she married the Rev. Alexander Brunton, and settled in the parsonage of Bolton, near Haddington. The young couple studied together philosophy and history. In 1803 they went to live in Edinburgh. In 1810 Mrs. Brunton's first novel, 'Self-Control,' was published; it was dedicated to Joanna Baillie, and the circumstance led to a pleasant and lifelong intercourse. The book had a marked success. A second novel, 'Discipline,' appeared in December 1814. In a letter to her brother, while acknowledging that she loved 'money dearly,' she declares that her great purpose had been to procure admission for the religion of a sound mind and of the Bible where it cannot find access in any other form.' The repairing of the Tron Church in 1815 gave Dr. Brunton and his wife an opportunity for a visit to London and to the south-west of England. She now projected a series of domestic tales, and made considerable progress with one called 'Emmeline.' But after giving birth to a stillborn son on 7 Dec., she was attacked by fever, and died 19 Dec. 1818. A life of Mrs. Brunton, with selections from her correspondence, her two novels, the unfinished story of 'Emmeline,' and some other literary remains, were published by her husband in 1819. 'Self-Control' and Discipline' were republished in Bentley's Standard Novels in 1832, and in cheap editions

in 1837 and 1852. A French translation of Self-Control' appeared in Paris in 1829.

ALEXANDER BRUNTON, Mrs. Brunton's biographer, was born at Edinburgh in 1772, and became minister of Bolton in 1797, of the New Greyfriars, Edinburgh, in 1803, and of the Tron Church in 1809. He was professor of oriental languages in the university of Edinburgh, and died 9 Feb. 1854. His works are: 'Sermons and Lectures,' Edinburgh, 1818; 'Persian Grammar,' Edinburgh, 1822.

[The Biographical Memoir mentioned above; Quérard's La Littérature Française Contemporaine, Paris, 1846, t. 11, 461; Blackwood's Magazine, v. 183.]

W. E. A. A.

BRUNTON, WILLIAM (1777-1851), engineer and inventor, was eldest son of Robert Brunton, a watch and clock maker at Dalkeith, where he was born on 26 May 1777. He studied mechanics in his father's shop and engineering under his grandfather, who was a colliery viewer in the neighbourhood. In 1790 he commenced work in the fitting shops of the New Lanark cotton mills belonging to David Dale and Sir Richard Arkwright; but after five years, being attracted by the fame of the great works at Soho, he migrated to the south, and obtained employment in 1796 with Boulton and Watt. He remained at Soho until he was made foreman and superintendent of the engine manufactory. Leaving Soho in 1818 he joined Mr. Jessop's Butterley Works, and being deputed to represent his master in many important missions he made the acquaintance of John Rennie, Thomas Telford, and other eminent engineers. In 1815 he became a partner in and the mechanical manager of the Eagle Foundry, Birmingham, where he remained ten years, during which time he designed and executed a great variety of important works. From 1825 to 1835 he appears to have been practising in London as a civil engineer, but quitting the metropolis at the latter date he took a share in the Cwm Avon Tin Works, Glamorganshire, where he erected copper smelting furnaces and rolling mills. He became connected with the Maesteg Works in the same county, and with a brewery at Neath in 1838; here a total failure ensued, and the savings of his life were lost. After this he occasionally reappeared in his profession, but was never again fully embarked in business. He was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, but the date of his admission has not been found. As a mechanical engineer his works were various and important; many of them were in the adaptation of original and ingenious modes of reducing and manufacturing metals, and the improvement of the machinery connected

therewith. In the introduction of steam navigation he had a large share; he made some of the original engines used on the Humber and the Trent, and some of the earliest on the Mersey, including those for the vessel which first plied on the Liverpool ferries in 1814. He fitted out the Sir Francis Drake at Plymouth in 1824, the first steamer that ever took a man-of-war in tow. His calciner was used on the works of most of the tin mines in Cornwall, as well as at the silver ore works in Mexico, and his fan regulator was also found to be a most useful invention. At the Butterley works he applied the principle of a rapid rotation of the mould in casting iron pipes, and incurred great expense in securing a patent, only to find that a foreigner, who used the same process in casting terra cotta, had recited in his specifications that the same mode might be applied to metals. The most novel and ingenious of his inventions was the walking machine called the Steam Horse, which he made at Butterley in 1813, and which worked with a load up a gradient of 1 in 36 during all the winter of 1814 at the Newbottle colliery. Early in 1815, through some carelessness, this machine exploded, and most unfortunately killed thirteen persons (WOOD, Treatise on Rail Roads, 1825, pp. 131-5, with a plate).

In the course of his career he obtained many patents, but derived little remuneration from them, although several of them came into general use. Latterly he turned his attention to the subject of improved ventilation for collieries, and sent models of his inventions to the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park. He was intimate with all the engineers of the older school, and was almost the last of that celebrated set of men. He died at the residence of his son, William Brunton, at Camborne, Cornwall, 5 Oct. 1851, having married, 30 Oct. 1810, Anne Elizabeth Button, adopted daughter of John and Rebecca Dickinson of Summer Hill, Birmingham. She died at Eaglesbush, Neath, Glamorganshire, 1845, leaving sons, who have become well known

as engineers.

[Minutes of Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers, xi. 95–99 (1852).] G. C. B.

BRUNYARD, WILLIAM (A. 1350), Dominican friar, described as the author of a 'Summa Theologiæ,' and of certain 'Distinctiones' and 'Determinationes,' is probably, as Echard suggested (Script. Ord. Domin. i. 6346), identical with the better known John de Bromyarde [q. v.]

[Boston ap. Tanner's Bibl. Brit., præf., pp. xxxiii, xl; Bale's Cat. Script. Brit. v. 77, pp. 429 seq. (see also Bale's Notebook in the Bodleian Library, Selden MS. supr. 64, f. 53); Pits's Comm. de Script. Brit. p. 479.] R. L. P.

BRUODINE, ANTHONY (A. 1672), Irish Franciscan, was a native of the county of Clare. He became a Recollect friar and jubilate lecturer of divinity in the Irish convent of the Holy Conception of the Blessed Virgin at Prague. He wrote: 1. Ecodomia Minoritica Schola Salamonis, Johannis Duns Scoti, sive Universæ Theologiæ Scholastice Manualis Summa,' Prague, 1663, 8vo. 2. Corolla Ecodomiæ Minoritica Scholæ Salamonis, Doctoris subtilis; sive pars altera Manualis Summæ totius Theologiæ Speculativæ,' Prague, 1664, 8vo. 3. 'Propugnaculum Catholicæ Veritatis, Pars prima Historica, in quinque libros distributa, Prague, 1668, 4to. In the fifth book he violently attacks Thomas Carve's 'Lyra,' or annals of Ireland, in a chapter headed 'De Carve seu Carrani erroribus et imposturis.' This provoked from Carve the 'Enchiridion Apologeticum,' Nuremberg, 1670, 12mo. In answer to this a tract called the 'Anatomicum Examen Enchiridii' was published at Prague in 1671, but whether this was written by Friar Cornelius O'Mollony, a relative of Bruodine's, or by Bruodine himself under that name, as Carve believed, is uncertain [see CARVE, THOMAS]. 4. Armamentarium Theologicum,' Prague, 4to. He is probably identical with the Antonius Prodinus whose Descriptio Regni Hiberniæ, Sanctorum Insulæ, et de prima origine miseriarum & motuum in Anglia, Scotia, et Hibernia, regnante Carolo primo rege' was printed at Rome, 1721, 4to, under the editorship of the exiled son of Phelim O'Neill.

[Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), 160, 161; Kerney's Pref. to reprint of Carve's Itinerarium (1859), pp. ix, x; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), 295, 383, 1979; Bibl. Grenvilliana, i. 119, 575; Cat. Lib. Impress. in Bibl. Col. Trin. Dubl. (1864), i. 490, 491.]

T. C.

BRUTTON, NICHOLAS (1780-1843), lieutenant-colonel, descended from the old Devonshire family of Brutton or Bruteton, entered the army as ensign in the 75th foot in 1795, proceeded to India, served at the battle of Seedasseer in 1799, through the Mysore campaign as aide-de-camp to Colonel Hart, and fed one of the storming parties at Seringapatam on 4 May 1799, when he was severely wounded. He served through the campaign in Canara; at the siege and assault of Jamalabad, and under Lord Lake through the campaigns of 1804-5. At Bhurtpore he led a storming party, and was again severely wounded. He exchanged into the 8th hussars, served in the Sikh country in 1809 under General St. Leger, and as brigade-major to General Wood in the Pindarree campaign, 1812.

On the breaking out of the Nepal war he proceeded as brevet-major in command of three troops of the 8th hussars, and led the assault on the fort of Kalunga at the head of one hundred dismounted troopers, and was again severely wounded. He served as brigade-major at the siege and capture of Hattrass, and in the Pindarree campaign of 1817 was promoted to a majority in the 8th hussars, and on the return of that regiment to Europe, in 1821, exchanged into the 11th hussars, with which regiment he served at the siege and capture of Bhurtpore. In 1830 he succeeded to the lieutenant-colonelcy and commanded the 11th hussars until 1837, when he sold out, and was succeeded by the Earl of Cardigan. Brutton was present at the siege and capture of the six strongest fortresses in India. On leaving the 11th hussars he was presented by the officers with a splendid piece of plate in testimony of their regard. He had a pension for his wounds of 1007. a year, and died in retirement at Bordeaux on 26 March 1843.

[War Office Records; United Service Magazine, mclxxiv. May 1843.]

F. B. G. BRWYNLLYS, BEDO (A. 1450-1480), a Welsh poet, so named from his birthplace, Brwynllys in Herefordshire. Many poems by him, chiefly odes, are preserved in the

Welsh School MSS. now in the British Mu

seum, and several short passages are printed,

in Davies's Flores Poetarum Britannicorum.'

Brwynllys made the first collection of the poems of Dafydd ab Gwilym, but his collection is said to have been lost in the ruin of Raglan Castle, where it was preserved.

[Williams's Dict. of Eminent Welshmen; Welsh School MSS., British Museum.] A. M. BRYAN, AUGUSTINE (d. 1726), classical scholar, received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A. 1711, M.A. 1716); was instituted to the rectory of Piddlehinton, Dorsetshire, on 16 Jan. 1722; and died on 6 April 1726. He published a sermon on the election of the lord mayor in 1718, and just before his death he had finished the printing of a splendid edition of Plutarch's Lives,' which was completed by Moses du Soul, and published under the title of 'Plutarchi Chæronensis Vitæ Parallelæ, cum singulis aliquot. Græce et Latine. Adduntur variantes Lectiones ex MSS. Codd. Veteres et Nova, Doctorum Virorum Notæ et Emendationes, et Indices accuratissimi,' 5 vols., London, 1723-9, 4to. This excellent edition is adorned with the heads of the illustrious persons engraved from gems. The Greek text is printed from the Paris edition of 1624, with a few corrections, and

the Latin translation is also chiefly adopted from that edition.

[Hutchins's Dorsetshire, 2nd edit. ii. 352, 353; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iv. 286; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. iv. 375, viii. 629; Political State of Great Britain, xxxi. 344; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), 1890; Graduati Cantabrigienses (1787), 60.] T. Č.

BRYAN, SIR FRANCIS (d. 1550), poet, translator, soldier, and diplomatist, was the son of Sir Thomas Bryan, and grandson of Sir Thomas Bryan, chief justice of the common pleas from 1471 till his death in 1500 (Foss, Judges). His father was knighted by Henry VII in 1497, was 'knight of the body' at the opening of Henry VIII's reign, and repeatedly served on the commission of the peace for Buckinghamshire, where the family property was settled. Francis Bryan's mother was Margaret, daughter of Humphry Bourchier, and sister of John Bourchier, lord Berners [q. v.] Lady Bryan was for a time governess to the princesses Mary and Elizabeth, and died in 1551-2 (cf. MADDEN, Expenses of the Princess Mary, 216). Anne Boleyn is stated to have been his cousin; but we have been unable to discover the exact genealogical connection. Bryan's prominence in politics was mainly due to the lasting affection which Henry VIII conceived for him in early youth.

Bryan is believed to have been educated first official appointment, that of captain of at Oxford. In April 1513 he received his the Margaret Bonaventure, a ship in the retinue of Sir Thomas Howard, afterwards duke of Norfolk, the newly appointed admiral. In

the court entertainments held at Richmond and at Greenwich (7 July 1517), Bryan took a (19 April 1515), at Eltham (Christmas 1516), prominent part, and received very rich apparel from the king on each occasion (BREWER, Henry VIII, ii. pt. ii. pp. 1503-5, 1510). He became the king's cupbearer in 1516. In December 1518 he was acting as 'master of the Toyles,' and storing Greenwich Park with 'quick deer.' In 1520 he attended Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and took part in the jousts there under the captaincy of the Earl of Devonshire; and on 29 Sept. he received a pension from the king of 331. 68. 8d. as a servant and 'a cipherer.' He served in Brittany under the Earl of Surrey in July 1522, and was knighted by his commander for his hardiness and courage (HALL, Chronicle). He was one of the sheriffs of Essex and Hertfordshire in 1523, and accompanied Wolsey on his visit to Calais (9 July 1527), where he remained some days. A year later he escorted the papal envoy Campeggio, on his way to England from Orleans, to Calais. In November 1528 Bryan was

sent to Rome by Henry to obtain the papal sanction for his divorce from Catherine. Bryan was especially instructed to induce the pope to withdraw from his friendship with the emperor, and to discover the instructions originally given to Campeggio. Much to his disappointment, Bryan failed in his mission. Soon after leaving England he had written to his cousin, Anne Boleyn, encouraging her to look forward to the immediate removal of all obstacles between her and the title of queen; but he subsequently (5 May 1529) had to confess to the king that nothing would serve to gain the pope's consent to Catherine's divorce. On 10 May 1533 Bryan, with Sir Thomas Gage and Lord Vaux, presented to Queen Catherine at Ampthill the summons bidding her appear before Archbishop Cranmer's court at Dunstable, to show cause why the divorce should not proceed; but the queen, who felt the presence of Bryan, a relative of Anne Boleyn, a new insult, informed the messengers that she did not acknowledge the court's competency. In 1531 Bryan was sent as ambassador to France, whither he was soon followed by Sir Nicholas Carew, his sister's husband, and at the time as zealous a champion of Anne Boleyn as himself. Between May and August 1533 Bryan was travelling with the Duke of Norfolk in France seeking to prevent an alliance or even a meeting between the pope and the king of France, and he was engaged in similar negotiations, together with Bishop Gardiner and Sir John Wallop, in December 1535.

Bryan during all these years remained the king's permanent favourite. Throughout the reign almost all Henry's amusements were shared in by him, and he acquired on that account an unrivalled reputation for dissoluteness. Undoubtedly Bryan retained his place in the king's affection by very questionable means. When the influence of the Boleyn family was declining, Bryan entered upon a convenient quarrel with Lord Rochford, which enabled the king to break with his brother-in-law by openly declaring himself on his favourite's side. In May 1536 Anne Boleyn was charged with the offences for which she suffered on the scaffold, and Cromwell-no doubt without the knowledge of Henry VIII-at first suspected Bryan of being one of the queen's accomplices. When the charges were being formulated, Cromwell, who had no liking for Bryan, hastily sent for him from the country; but no further steps were taken against him, and there is no ground for believing the suspicion to have been well founded. It is clear that Bryan was very anxious to secure the queen's conviction (FROUDE, ii. 385, quotes from Cotton MS. E.

ix. the deposition of the abbot of Woburn relating to an important conversation with Bryan on this subject), and he had the baseness to undertake the office of conveying to Jane Seymour, Anne's successor, the news of Anne Boleyn's condemnation (15 May 1536). A pension vacated by one of Anne's accomplices was promptly bestowed on Bryan by the king. Cromwell, in writing of this circumstance to Gardiner and Wallop, calls Bryan' the vicar of hell-a popular nickname which his cruel indifference to the fate of his cousin Anne Boleyn proves that he well deserved. Bryan conspicuously aided the government in repressing the rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in October of the same year. On 15 Oct. 1537 he played a prominent part at the christening of Prince Edward (STRYPE, Mem. II. i. 4). In December 1539 he was one of the king's household deputed to meet Anne of Cleves near Calais on her way to England, and Hall, the chronicler, notes the splendour of his dress on the occasion. At the funeral of Henry VIII, on 14 Feb. 1546-7, Bryan was assigned a chief place as 'master of the henchmen.'

As a member of the privy council Bryan took part in public affairs until the close of Henry VIII's reign, and at the beginning of Edward VI's reign he was given a large share of the lands which the dissolution of the monasteries had handed over to the crown. He fought, as a captain of light horse, under the Duke of Somerset at Musselburgh 27 Sept. 1547, when he was created a knight banneret. Soon afterwards Bryan rendered the government a very curious service. In 1548 James Butler, ninth earl of Ormonde, an Irish noble, whose powerful influence was obnoxious to the government at Dublin, although there were no valid grounds for suspecting his loyalty, died in London of poison under very suspicious circumstances. Thereupon his widow, Joan, daughter and heiress of James FitzJohn Fitzgerald, eleventh earl of Desmond, sought to marry her relative, Gerald Fitzgerald, the heir of the fifteenth earl of Desmond. To prevent this marriage, which would have united the leading representatives of the two chief Irish noble houses, Bryan was induced to prefer a suit to the lady himself. He had previously married (after 1517) Philippa, a rich heiress and widow of Sir John Fortescue (MORANT, Essex, ii. 117); but Bryan's first wife died some time after 1534, and in 1548 he married the widowed countess. He was immediately nominated lord marshal of Ireland, and arrived in Dublin with his wife in November 1548. Sir Edward Bellingham, the haughty lord-deputy, resented his appointment, but Bryan's marriage gave him the com