in Edinburgh. They found him teaching his servant to read, and after they had spoken of his industry he showed them his epistle of dedication to the king. Andrew Melville pointed out some defects in it. Sayes he,' James Melville writes in his diary, "I may do na mair for thinking on another mater." "What is that?" sayes Mr. Andro. "To die," quoth he, "but I leave that and many ma things for you to helpe." We went from him to the printars' wark hous, whom we fand at the end of the 17 Buik of his Cornicle, at a place quhilk we thought verie hard for the tyme, quhilk might be an occasion of steying the haill werk onent the buriall of Davie. Therefor steying the printer from proceiding, we cam to Mr. George again and fund him bedfast by his custome, and asking him how he did, "Even going the way of weilfare," says he. Mr. Thomas his cusing schawes him of the hardness of that part of his Storie, that the king wald be offendit with it, and it might stey all the wark. "Tell me man," sayes he, "giff I have tauld the treuthe?" Yes," sayes Mr. Thomas, "sir, I think sa." "I will byd his fead and all his kins then," quoth he. Pray to God for me, and let him direct all." Sa be the printing of his Cornicle was endit that maist ferned, wyse, and godlie man endit this mortall lyff." 66 66 college founded by his royal pupil at Edinburgh on its three hundredth anniversary, many of them recalled his memory. While his title to learning is thus beyond dispute, the rest of his character has been the subject of vehement controversy. Nor is it a character easy to read. Some points will be generally allowed. With him the love of education was not merely a virtue but a passion, early conceived and never abandoned. But he was not only a professor but a man of the world. The world in which he lived was distracted by the deepest and widest controversy in modern history; between tradition and the new learning, between absolute and constitutional government, between the romanist and the reformed doctrines and discipline. In this controversy, not only in the field of literature, but of action, Buchanan took a prominent part on the side of the reformers. He is still deemed a traitor, a slanderer, and an atheist by some, while to others he is a champion of the cause of liberty and religion, and one of its most honoured names. His character may perhaps be more justly represented as combined of strange contradictions; he was at the same time humane and vindictive, mirthful and morose, cultured and coarse, fond of truth, but full of prejudices. It is these contradictions and his great learning and literary power which make him so striking a figure in the history of Scotland and of literature. [Irving's Life, 2nd edition, 1817, contains one of the best literary histories of the time, and portraits of Buchanan, his contemporaries, and friends. It is ungrateful to criticise a work of so much learning, but it is necessary to supplement this memoir from records published since Irving wrote, and to correct his view of Buchanan's character. The best editions of his works are those of Ruddiman, 1715, reprinted by Burman, Lugduni Batavorum, 1735, where a full bibliography of Buchanan will be found. Irving gives a list of the chief publications relating to him, p. 427; Chalmers's Life of Ruddiman contains a sketch Buchanan himself, often printed, should also be of some value; the brief fragment of a life by The history of Buchanan has not escaped severe criticism, but the most acute of his critics, Father Innes, while successful in impugning the earlier portions as wanting in research and accuracy, fails to establish the point of his attack, that the whole was written to support a republican theory of government. Buchanan did not survive the publication of this work, and the death which he had long calmly anticipated came on 29 Sept. 1582, about five months before his seventy-seventh birthday. He died poor; a sum of 1007. due to him from his pension of Crossraguel is the whole of his means in the inventory of his testament. He was buried in the churchyard of Grey Friars in Edinburgh, but the place of his tomb is un-referred to; there is an able, but too favourable known. Tradition dating from a short period after his death ascribes to him the skull preserved in the Anatomy Museum of the university, of which there is a print in Irving's life, and which certainly resembles the best authenticated portraits of him which have been preserved, that by Boinard, engraved in Beza's 'Irones,' and of which a copy is in the university of Edinburgh. On the continent his name is mentioned with respect for his learning, and the epitaph of the younger Scaliger has been often quoted. When the universities of foreign countries greeted the VOL. VII. sketch of Buchanan in the North British Review, No. xlii., by Hannay; an account of his portraits is given in Drummond's monograph on the Portraits of Knox and Buchanan, 1875.] E. M. BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1790 ?-1852), civil engineer of Edinburgh, third son of David Buchanan, a printer and publisher at Montrose (1745-1812) [q. v.], was born about 1790. His father was a Glasite and an accomplished classical scholar, who published numerous editions of the Latin classics, which were in high repute for their accuracy. George 0 me unfit,' he says, 'to discharge in person the care of your instructions committed to me, I thought that sort of writing which tends to inform the mind would best supply the want of my attendance, and resolved to send to you faithful narratives from history that you might make use of trew advice in your deliberations, and imitate trew virtue in your actions.' This book was at once translated into the continental languages, and was long the chief, almost the only source from which foreigners knew the history of Scotland. Nineteen editions attest the value which succeeding generations attached to it, but it is significant that the last was published in 1762. Judged by a modern standard, the history of Buchanan is antiquated not merely on account of its Latin, but from the absence of criticism in the examination of authorities. Its different parts are of unequal merit, probably because they were composed at different times. The first three of its twenty books contain its best portions, a description of the physical cha Hubert Languet, Roger Ascham, and Walter Haddon. The greatest name in the list is that of Tycho Brahe, whom Buchanan thanks for his present of his book on the new star, and mentions that ill-health has prevented him from completing his astronomical poem on the Sphere, which was only published after his death. A portrait of Buchanan, presented probably by King James to Brahe, was seen by him when he visited the astronomer at Uranienberg on the occasion of his marriage. In the beginning of 1579 Buchanan published his tract 'De Jure Regni,' the most important of his political writings. The contents of this work-in the form of a dialogue between Buchanan and Thomas Maitland, brother of Lethington-are a defence of legitimate or limited monarchy, a statement of the duty of monarchs and subjects to each other, in which he lays stress chiefly on the former, and a plea for the right of popular election of kings, and of the responsibility of bad kings, in treating which he does not shrink from upholding tyrannicide in cases of extreme wicked-racteristics of the country, and an erudite ness. The book had an immense popularity; three editions were published in three years. Similar doctrine was then in the air of Europe. "The three great sources of a free spirit in politics,' remarks Hallam, 'admiration of antiquity, zeal for religion, and persuasion of positive right, which animated separately La Boétie, Languet, and Hottoman, united their stream to produce the treatise of George Buchanan, a scholar, a protestant, and the subject of a very limited monarchy.' Suppressed by an act of parliament in 1584, the De Jure Regni' was a standard work in the hands of the men of the Long parliament, and the writer possesses a copy carefully indexed by Sir Roger Twysden. As might be expected, Buchanan's work was not allowed to pass without criticism. It was answered in his own time by his catholic countrymen, Blackwood, Wynzet, and Barclay; by the lawyers of the Restoration, Craig, Stewart, and Mackenzie; and by Sir James Turner in an unpublished work; but the English writers who have formed the theory of the constitution now accepted, Milton and Sidney, Locke, Hallam, and Mackintosh, acknowledge most of its positions as well founded. Buchanan now addressed himself to his last, and in some respects greatest work, the history of his own country. This had been in his thoughts for more than twenty years, and was mainly composed several years before. His friends had often urged him to complete it, and it was at last published in 1582. He again addressed himself to James in the dedication. An incurable illness having made collection of passages from Greek and Latin writers relating to Britain._ Buchanan proceeds, in the steps of Hector Boece, to narrate the reigns of the eighty-five kings down to Malcolm Canmore, in a manner not more deserving of credit than their portraits, painted to the order of Charles II, which hang in the gallery of Holyrood. But from Malcolm the history improves. The characters of the kings are well drawn, though the publication of the original records has enabled modern historians to present a larger and more exact picture of their reigns. From the middle of the thirteenth book to the close Buchanan's history still retains a certain value. This portion from James V to the death of Lennox, where it somewhat abruptly stops, is practically the work of a contemporary, and though it is that of a partisan who vilifies Mary, panegyrises Moray, hates all the Hamiltons, and dislikes Morton, no future historian can safely neglect the view of Scottish history which impressed such an intellect, and was the popular opinion, not merely in his own time, but for two centuries after. Of literary style Buchanan is an acknowledged master. It has even been rashly contended by his admirers that he surpassed Livy. More important than mere style is the clearness of his narrative, which dispenses with the rhetorical art, though he was capable of using it. In September 1581, when his work was in the press, Andrew and James Melville, who had been his pupils at St. Andrews, and his cousin Thomas Buchanan, came to see him in Edinburgh. They found him teaching his servant to read, and after they had spoken of his industry he showed them his epistle of dedication to the king. Andrew Melville pointed out some defects in it. 'Sayes he,' James Melville writes in his diary, "I may do na mair for thinking on another mater." "What is that?" sayes Mr. Andro. "To die," quoth he, "but I leave that and many ma things for you to helpe." We went from him to the printars' wark hous, whom we fand at the end of the 17 Buik of his Cornicle, at a place quhilk we thought verie hard for the tyme, quhilk might be an occasion of steying the haill werk onent the buriall of Davie. Therefor steying the printer from proceiding, we cam to Mr. George again and fund him bedfast by his custome, and asking him how he did, "Even going the way of weilfare," says he. Mr. Thomas his cusing schawes him of the hardness of that part of his Storie, that the king wald be offendit with it, and it might stey all the wark. "Tell me man," sayes he, "giff I have tauld the treuthe? "Yes," sayes Mr. Thomas, "sir, I think sa." "I will byd his fead and all his kins then," quoth he. "Pray to God for me, and let him direct all." Sa be the printing of his Cornicle was endit that maist ferned, wyse, and godlie man endit this mortall lyff." poor; college founded by his royal pupil at Edinburgh on its three hundredth anniversary, many of them recalled his memory. While his title to learning is thus beyond dispute, the rest of his character has been the subject of vehement controversy. Nor is it a character easy to read. Some points will be generally allowed. With him the love of education was not merely a virtue but a passion, early conceived and never abandoned. But he was not only a professor but a man of the world. The world in which he lived was distracted by the deepest and widest controversy in modern history; between tradition and the new learning, between absolute and constitutional government, between the romanist and the reformed doctrines and discipline. In this controversy, not only in the field of literature, but of action, Buchanan took a prominent part on the side of the reformers. He is still deemed a traitor, a slanderer, and an atheist by some, while to others he is a champion of the cause of liberty and religion, and one of its most honoured names. His character may perhaps be more justly represented as combined of strange contradictions; he was at the same time humane and vindictive, mirthful and morose, cultured and coarse, fond of truth, but full of prejudices. It is these contradictions and his great learning and literary power which make him so striking a figure in the history of Scotland and of literature. The history of Buchanan has not escaped severe criticism, but the most acute of his critics, Father Innes, while successful in [Irving's Life, 2nd edition, 1817, contains one impugning the earlier portions as wanting of the best literary histories of the time, and in research and accuracy, fails to establish portraits of Buchanan, his contemporaries, and the point of his attack, that the whole was friends. It is ungrateful to criticise a work of so written to support a republican theory of much learning, but it is necessary to supplement government. Buchanan did not survive the this memoir from records published since Irving publication of this work, and the death which wrote, and to correct his view of Buchanan's chahe had long calmly anticipated came on racter. The best editions of his works are those 29 Sept. 1582, about five months before his of Ruddiman, 1715, reprinted by Burman, Lugseventy-seventh birthday. He died duni Batavorum, 1735, where a full bibliography a sum of 1007. due to him from his pension of Buchanan will be found. Irving gives a list of Crossraguel is the whole of his means in of the chief publications relating to him, p. 427; Chalmers's Life of Ruddiman contains a sketch the inventory of his testament. He was buried in the churchyard of Grey Friars in Buchanan himself, often printed, should also be of some value; the brief fragment of a life by Edinburgh, but the place of his tomb is un-referred to; there is an able, but too favourable known. Tradition dating from a short period after his death ascribes to him the skull preserved in the Anatomy Museum of the university, of which there is a print in Irving's life, and which certainly resembles the best authenticated portraits of him which have been preserved, that by Boinard, engraved in Beza's 'Irones,' and of which a copy is in the university of Edinburgh. On the continent his name is mentioned with respect for his learning, and the epitaph of the younger Scaliger has been often quoted. When the universities of foreign countries greeted the VOL. VII. sketch of Buchanan in the North British Review, No. xlii., by Hannay; an account of his portraits is given in Drummond's monograph on the Portraits of Knox and Buchanan, 1875.] Æ. M. BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1790 ?-1852), civil engineer of Edinburgh, third son of David Buchanan, a printer and publisher at Montrose (1745-1812) [q. v.], was born about 1790. His father was a Glasite and an accomplished classical scholar, who published numerous editions of the Latin classics, which were in high repute for their accuracy. George T is venty books contain its best wins a leseption of the physical chaenses of the county, and an erudite letten of passages from Greek and Latin We ago 3run. Buchanan pros. n he steps of Hector Boece, to narrate thens of the y-tive kings down to Malcom Cu Canmore, in a manner not more deI ng of rer than their portraits, painted herier of Charles II. which hang in the lery of Hired. But from Malcolm 3-e story improves. The characters of the ends are well brawn, though the publication of the minal records has enabled modern De Fire bist cans to present a larger and more exact ▼nds me of their reigns. From the middle of The thirteenth book to the close Buchanan's istory still retains a certain value. This pected, portion from James V to the death of Lennox, where it somewhat abruptly stops, is pracsealy the work of a contemporary, and men. Black- though it is that of a partisan who vilifies hears Mary, panegyrises Moray, hates all the and Mac Hamiltons, and dislikes Morton, no future - historian can safely neglect the view of Engish waters Scottish history which impressed such an heronstitu- intellect, and was the popular opinion, not and Soney. Locke. merely in his own time, but for two centuries 2. LATIN were most after. Of literary style Buchanan is an acSIMSAR bed Buchanan knowledged master. It has even been rashly ནནས 1:|:ན པལ sUS and in contended by his admirers that he surpsssed Nick the history of Livy. More important than mere style is the Ts had been in his clearness of his narrative, which dispenses UP IN THAT TWty years, and with the rhetorit though he was Mesa serenal years before. capable of us Ex m's hat ed him to complete CATE -vest las published in 1582. He 15.11d Emself to James in the deArararable illness having made 77 T |