academy. His salary was 1007. a year. Here he became editor of the 'Ladies and Gentlemen's Diary, or Royal Almanack.' It was started by one Thomas Carnan, in opposition to the 'Ladies' Diary,' published by the Stationers' Company and edited by Charles Hutton [q. v.] The company claimed a monopoly of almanacks, but their claim was disallowed by the court of common pleas, on their bringing an action against Carnan, who published the first number of his diary in December 1775. It continued till 1786, the word 'Gentlemen' being dropped after 1780. Part of it was devoted to mathematical problems by Burrow and various contributors, including a 'Samuel Rogers' (who may possibly, though very improbably, have been the poet, b. 1763). Burrow quarrelled with his rival, Hutton. He eked out his living by taking private pupils, and did a little work for publishers; but his family was increasing, and in 1782 he accepted an appointment in India, procured by his patron, Colonel Henry Watson, for many years chief engineer in Bengal. He claimed indignantly but fruitlessly to be paid for extra work in a survey of the coast from Essex to Sussex with a party of pupils in 1777, and sailed (October 1782) in a fleet commanded by Admiral Howe. Soon after reaching India he wrote an interesting letter to Warren Hastings (Add. MS. 29159, f. 376). He says that he wishes to make money in order to have leisure for further research. He has been interested in the ancient geometry, as he has proved by his book on Apollonius (see below), and is curious to investigate the mathematical treatises in the ancient Hindoo and other oriental literature. He asks for Hastings's encouragement; and other letters and papers show that he pursued these inquiries, having learnt Sanskrit for the purpose, and collected many Sanskrit and Persian manuscripts (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 309). He was appointed mathematical teacher of the engineers' corps, and afterwards had some employment in connection with a proposed trigonometrical survey of Bengal. A Short Account of the late Mr. Burrow's Measurement of a Degree of Longitude and another of Latitude near the tropic in Bengal' was published by his friend Mr. Dalby in 1796. He was one of the first members of the Asiatic Society, and contributed to their 'Researches.' He died at Buxor 7 June 1792. His wife, with his son and his three daughters, joined him in India in 1790, and returned after his death. The son died as an officer in the service of the East India Company.

Some journals of Burrow were published

VOL. VII.

by Mr. T. T. Wilkinson in the Philosophical Magazine' for 1853. Burrow is said to have been a rough but kindly man, who sometimes drank too much and would then indulge in pugilism. The poet Crabbe used to meet him at a coffee-house about 1780 (CRABBE, Life, ch. iii.) His diaries report a good deal of scandal, especially about rival mathematicians. He was clearly jealous and resentful, though liberal to friends in distress. He amused himself by pouring out coarse abuse in the fly-leaves of his books. Some quaint specimens are given by De Morgan in Notes and Queries' (1st series, i. 143). He describes the 'Miscellanea Scientifica Curiosa,' edited by Green and Wales, as a balderdash miscellany of damned stupid, ragamuffin, methodistical nonsense and spuability.' Wales was his successful competitor for a mastership at Christ's Hospital. His journals are now in the library of the Astronomical Society. He collected some curious books, which he sent to Woolwich and which are now in the library of the royal artillery.

The ability and elegance of Burrow's geometrical investigations are admitted by his critics. His only separate publication was A Restitution of the Geometrical Treatise of Apollonius Pergæus on Inclinations; also the Theory of Gunnery, or the doctrine of projectiles in a non-resisting medium,' London 1779. A restitutio' of this treatise had been published by Samuel Horsley (afterwards bishop) in 1770. Burrow in his preface speaks severely of Horsley's work as clumsy and employing quasi-algebraical methods; and claims with justice much greater simplicity and directness for his own work. Burrow's contributions to the Asiatic 'Researches' (vols. i. and ii.) include an essay upon Friction in Mechanics' (reprinted in Leybourne's 'Repository,' ii. 204-20, and the Gentleman's Mathematical Companion' for 1800), and one on the 'Hindoo Knowledge of the Binomial Theorem.' The others are upon astronomical methods.

[Philosophical Magazine for 1853; Mechanics' Magazine, li. 244, 293, 350, lii. 267 (life by J. H. Swale), lv. 324 (art. Board of Ordnance in other days'); Addit. MSS. 29159 f. 376, 29163 f. 113, 29233 f. 239; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 142, 2nd ser. x. 409, 3rd ser. v. 107, 215, 261, 303, 361; New Monthly Mag. i. 536-8; Gent. Mag. lxiii. 774.]

L. S.

BURROWES, JOHN FRECKLETON (1787-1852), organist and composer, was born in London, 23 April 1787. His master was William Horsley. His first published work was a set of six English ballads, 'Printed for the author, 5 Great Suffolk Street, Charing

G G

Cross,' and in 1812 he published an overture (op. 8) which had been performed at the vocal concerts, Hanover Square. This was followed in 1817 by a similar work (op. 13) produced by the Philharmonic Society, of which Burrowes was one of the original members. In 1818 appeared the first edition of his 'Pianoforte Primer,' a little work which was very successful, and is still in use as an instruction book. In 1819 Burrowes brought out a 'Thorough Bass Primer,' which achieved a success equal to that of the earlier work. In the course of his long career he also published a 'Companion to the Pianoforte Primer' (1826), a Companion to the Thorough Bass Primer' (1832), The Tutor's Assistant for the Pianoforte (1834), a 'Guide to Practice on the Pianoforte' (1841), collections of psalm tunes, preludes, dances, Scotch and Irish airs, sonatas, a trio for three flutes, songs, and many arrangements of operas, &c., for the pianoforte. For nearly forty years Burrowes was organist of St. James's, Piccadilly. About 1834 he settled at 13 Nottingham Place, where he died, after a long and painful illness, 31 March 1852.

[Grove's Dict. of Music, i. 285 a; Musical World, 4 April 1852; Gent. Mag. 1852, i.; British Museum Music Catalogue.] W. B. S.

BURROWES, PETER (1753 1841), Irish barrister and politician, was born at Portarlington in 1753. At Trinity College, Dublin, which he entered in 1774, he specially distinguished himself in the debates of the Historical Society. While still a student at the Middle Temple, in 1784, he published a pamphlet on Catholic Emancipation,' which introduced him to the notice of Flood and the other leading Irish patriots. In the following year he was called to the bar, where he rapidly acquired a good practice. In 1790, along with Wolfe Tone and others, he founded a society in Dublin for the discussion of literary and political subjects. In a duel which he fought at Kilkenny in 1794 with the Hon. Somerset Butler, his life was only saved by the ball striking against some coppers which he happened to have in his waistcoat pocket. Though he did not share in the more extreme views of the United Irishmen, he was a zealous supporter of all the most important measures of reform. Along with thirteen other king's counsel he, 9 Dec. 1798, protested against the proposals for a union with Great Britain, and after being elected member for Enniscorthy he continued, as long as the Irish parliament existed, persistently to oppose the measure. In 1803 he acted as the counsel of Robert Emmet, and in 1811 he was employed to de

fend the catholic delegates. In 1821 he was appointed judge of the insolvent debtors court. He died in London in 1841, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery.

[W. Burrowes's Select Speeches of Peter Burrowes, with Memoir, 1850; Life and Adventures T. F. H. of Wolfe Tone.]

BURROWS, GEORGE MAN (1771– 1846), physician, was born at Chalk, near Gravesend, in 1771. He was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, was apprenticed to an apothecary at Rochester, and completed his medical education at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals. After qualifying at the College of Surgeons and Apothecaries' Hall, he entered on general practice in London. He became deeply interested in the legal status of the medical profession, and organised the Association of Surgeon-Apothecaries of England and Wales, with the object of improving the education and status of the profession. As chairman of this body Burrows was most indefatigable, and had a large share in the movement which led to the passing of the Apothecaries' Act in 1815. The society voted him five hundred guineas on its dissolution. On the formation of the first court of examiners of the Apothecaries' Company, on the passing of the act, Burrows was appointed an examiner; but early in 1817 he resigned, owing to the unfair conduct of the court of assistants. On this question Burrows published a Statement of Circumstances connected with the Apothecaries' Act and its Administration, 1817. At this time he was largely engaged in medical literature, being one of the founders and editors of the London Medical Repository,' which commenced in January 1814, and the author of 'Observations on the Comparative Mortality of London and Paris,' 1815. In 1816 he retired from general practice, and devoted himself to the treatment of insane patients, at first keeping a small asylum at Chelsea, and later, in 1823, establishing a larger one, 'The Retreat,' at Clapham. He became a leading authority on insanity, publishing 'Cursory Remarks on Legislative Regulation of the Insane,' 1819; An Inquiry into certain Errors relative to Insanity and their Consequences, Physical, Moral, and Civil,' 1820; and finally, an extended treatise entitled 'Commentaries on the Causes, Forms, Symptoms, and Treatment, Moral and Medical, of Insanity,' 1828. This was by far the most complete and practical treatise then published in this country, and received general approval. Burrows became M.D. at St. Andrews in 1824, and a fellow of the College

third Article of Religion,' 1702 (mentioned in Biog. Brit. 1748, ii. 1042). The preface to Zachary Mayne's 'Sanctification by Faith vindicated,' 1693, is from his pen.

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon., ed. Bliss, iv. 413, 533, 582; Fasti, ii. 331, 383; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 408, 426; Oliver's Monasticon, Add. Supp. p. 21; J. I. Dredge in Western Antiquary, August 1884; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Prince's Worthies of Devon, 1701, p. 600, where he commends Burscough's liberality in allowing him the free use of his very good library;' Worthy's Ashburton, p. 115.]

C. W. S.

BURT, ALBIN R. (d. 1842), engraver and portrait-painter, commenced life as an engraver, and was a pupil of Robert Thew and Benjamin Smith, but finding himself unable to excel in this department, he took to painting heads. He exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1830, and died at Reading on 18 March 1842. According to Redgrave, his mother had known the celebrated Lady Hamilton when a barefooted girl in Wales, and he produced a print representing her as 'Britannia unveiling the bust of Nelson.' [Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.] L. F.

BURT, EDWARD (d. 1755), author of the Letters from a Gentleman in the North of Scotland,' largely quoted by Walter Scott and Macaulay, has been variously described as an engineer officer who served with General Wade in Scotland in 1724-8, as an army contractor, and an illiterate hack-writer, who ended his days in dire distress (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 496). Of his early history nothing is known. There is nothing in the military entry books and other war office records to show that Mr., or, as he is often styled, Captain,' Burt ever held military rank. He appears to have been with General Wade in Scotland, at the period stated, in some civil capacity, and by virtue of actingwarrants to have then and also afterwards (ib. 2nd ser. vii. 128-9) discharged sundry duties which in later times would have been performed by officers of the commissariat and other army departments. This is indicated in one of General Wade's order-books, which is preserved in the British Museum (Add. MS. 23671). An order therein, dated Inverness, 28 Sept. 1726, directs all commanding officers and others in the northern highlands, on due application from Mr. Edmund Burt or his subordinates, to send with him such parties of soldiers as shall be thought necessary to collect the rents of the estates formerly the Seaforth's. Another order of the same date directs Mr. Burt

to state and adjust all accompts relating to the highland galley,' and to report on all matters connected with the said galley as he shall think necessary until further orders. Evidence in the 'Letters' shows that they were written in 1725-6, although not published until long afterwards. The period of General Wade's command in Scotland is a blank in the records of the regiments employed under him; but some details of his movements, collected from various sources, will be found in the 'Ordnance Gazetteer for Scotland' (under Glasgow,' &c.), and in 'Colburn's United Service Magazine,' August 1869. Of the later circumstances of the author of the 'Letters' there is no authentic information. His death is thus announced in the 'Scots Magazine' for 1755: 'On 4 Jan. 1755, in London, Edward Burt, esq., late agent with General Wade, chief surveyor during the making of the roads through the highlands, and author of the "Letters from the North of Scotland."'

The first edition of the 'Letters' appeared in London in 1754. Subsequent editions appeared in Dublin in 1755, in London in 1759 and 1815, and at Haarlem and Hanover. The last edition, which was edited by R. Jamieson, and to which Sir Walter Scott contributed some matter, appeared in London, in two volumes, octavo, in 1818.

[Brit. Mus. Gen. Cat.; Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 23671; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 496, 2nd ser. vii. 128-9, 174; Scots Mag. xvi. 359529, xvii. 52.]

H. M. C.

BURT, WILLIAM (1778-1826), miscellaneous writer, son of Joseph Burt of Plymouth, was born in that town on 23 Aug. 1778, and educated in the public grammar school at Exeter, being afterwards articled to a banker and solicitor at Bridgwater. For some time he resided at Colyton, near Honiton, but finally he settled at Plymouth, where he practised as a solicitor until his death on 1 Sept. 1826. He edited the 'Plymouth and Dock Telegraph' for several years, and at one period he held a commission in the 38th foot.

His works are: 1. 'Twelve Rambles in London, by Amicus Patriæ,' 1810. 2. 'Desultory Reflections on Banks in general, and the System of keeping up a False Capital by Accommodation, London, 1810, 12mo. 3. 'The Consequences of the French Revolution to England considered, with a view of the Remedies of which her situation is susceptible,' 1811; dedicated to Lord Holland. 4.'A Review of the Mercantile, Trading, and Manufacturing State, Interests, and Capabilities of the Port of Plymouth,' Plymouth, 1816. 5. Preface to and Notes on N. T. Carring

ton's Poem "Dartmoor," 1826. 6. Christianity; a Poem, in Three Books, with Miscellaneous Notes, London, 1835, 12mo; edited by the author's nephew, Major Thomas Seymour Burt. 7. Observations on the Curiosities of Nature,' London, 1836, 12mo; also edited by Major Burt.

[Memoir prefixed to Burt's Christianity; Davidson's Bibl. Devoniensis, 43, 131, 142; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.; Biog. Dict. of Living Authors (1816), 49.]

T. C.

BURTHOGGE, RICHARD (1638 ?1694 ?), theological writer, was born at Plymouth about 1638. He was educated at Exeter grammar school, became a servitor or chorister of All Souls' College, Oxford, in 1654, proceeded B.A. in 1658, migrated to Lincoln College, and completed his degree by determination.' He afterwards went to Leyden University to study medicine, and was admitted there 11 Oct. 1661 (PEACOCK, Leyden Students, Index Soc., p. 12, s.v. 'Borthage'). He took the degree of doctor in medicine after publishing a thesis, 'De Lithiasi et Calculo,' Leyden, 1662. On returning to his native country he settled at Bowden, near Totnes. Wood states that in 1691 he had been a popular medical practitioner in the neighbourhood of Bowden for more than twenty years, and by that means and by two wealthy marriages hath attained a pretty full estate.' He was a vigorous champion of toleration in religious matters and of the right of dissent, and published a number of pamphlets in support of his views. He always kept pace with the fanatics,' says Wood, temporiz'd with the papists in the reign of James II, and was therefore made a justice of the peace for Devonshire, which office he kept under William III, as being a favourer of fanatics. He is looked upon as a person of considerable learning, and of no less pride and ambition.' He is stated to have died in 1694. Burthogge's chief works are philosophical, and he gained a deserved reputation as a critic of Locke. In his 'Essay on Reason,' dedicated to Locke (1694), he argues that every object which we know, we know only as in relation to our powers to know-as a phenomenon or

appearance-and what appears is determined negatively by that power of sense and understanding we possess as human beings.' Burthogge anticipates explicitly one of the most important positions of Kant's philosophical system, known also as Hamilton's 'doctrine of the relativity of knowledge' (UEBERWEG). Sir William Hamilton quotes Burthogge's definition of consciousness in his notes on Reid's works.

Burthogge's works are: 1. 'Taya@òv, or Divine Goodness explicated and vindicated from the Exceptions of the Atheist; wherein also the consent of the gravest philosophers with the holy and inspired penmen in many of the most important points of Christian doctrine is fully vindicated,' London, 1672. 2. 'Causa Dei; or an Apology for God,' 1675. 3. ‘Organum Vetus et Novum; or a Discourse of Reason and Truth; wherein the natural logick common to mankind is briefly and plainly described,' London, 1678. 4. 'An Argument for Infant Baptism,' London, 1683. 5. Vindicia Pædo-Baptismi,' London, 1685, a reply to a tract against infant baptism by Edmund Elys, a divine of the church of England. 6. 'Prudential Reasons for repealing the Penal Laws against all Recusants, and for a general Toleration,' London, 1687, 4to, a scandalous and virulent pamphlet,' according to Wood, to which a clergyman (Rev. John Prince, vicar of Berry-Pomeroy, near Totnes, and author of the Worthies of Devon') issued a reply. 7. The Nature of Church Government freely discussed in three letters,' to which Robert Burscough, vicar of Totnes, published an answer in 1692. 8. 'An Essay upon Reason and the Nature of Spirits,' London, 1694 (dedicated to Locke). 9. Of the Soul of the World, and of Particular Souls: in a letter to Mr. Locke, occasioned by Mr. Keil's Reflections upon an Essay lately published concerning Reason' (i.e. Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding'), London, 1699 (republished in Somers's 'Tracts,' 1748, vol. ii., 1809, vol. xii.) 10. 'Christianity a Revealed Mystery,' London, 1702.

[Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 214; Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 581-2; Ueberweg's Hist. of Philosophy (translated), ii. 365; Hamilton's Reid, ii. 928, 938; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.