capital. For, owing to the large number engaged in the handy-crafts, they constitute a greater body of consumers; and being more generally distributed throughout the country their sympathies are more in unison with the agricultural and other classes...

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Any district of country which produces more provisions and breadstuffs than it consumes, possesses the means of encouraging and supporting most of the useful and necessary handy-crafts; for some of the most important of these require little or no capital to commence with-such, for instance, is the case in regard to shoemakers; and yet a very large portion of the shoes and boots worn in Missouri are made in the Eastern States, by operatives who are fed upon bread and meat at about double the price that the same provisions cost in the interior of Missouri-while these articles are, perhaps, made of leather manufactured from hides grown in Missouri and tanned in Massachusetts. Shoes and other articles made of leather may not appear to many as being of much importance, either as an article of manufacture or of commerce; but if we enter into a calculation we shall find that the difference would be very importaut between manufacturing all the articles made of leather in this State, and purchasing them abroad. If we sup pose the population of Missouri to be 600,000, and that the average cost of shoeing each individual is $2,50 per annum, the aggregate amount will be $1,500,900, a sum equal, as we believe, to all the specie in the State, except that in the banks. Encouragement to the handy-crafts is the first step towards the introduction of manufactures. If the people of each county would resolve to encourage all such branches of mechanism as their wants required, they would find but little difficulty in procuring the operatives. They should not, however, encourge the settlement here of more operatives in any one trade, than the neighboring country could reasonably support; and each citizen should consider it a matter of duty to employ the mechanic at home, rather than to purchase an article of the same kind, made elsewhere. By adopting this policy, a demand would be created for many articles which never find their way to more distant markets, and most of the money received for the leading staples might be kept in the country.

But these operatives need social encouagement as well as employment. In places where many are congregated together it is natural for them to associate with each other; but in the interior where there are but few mechanics they feel the want of social intercourse, and if they do not receive that consideration which is due to their merit, as citizens, they become discontented, and either fall into vicious habits, or change their place of residence; for few individuals can be contented to remain in a community without its sympathy.

By thus distributing the handy-crafts throughout the entire country, the transportation of a very large portion of the raw material to distant markets would be saved, and while this policy would counteract the constant tendency of capital to concentrate at the great stations of commerce, it would give stability to the pursuite, and prosperity to every part of the country; and in a great measure prevent those

revulsions which so frequently disturb the business and happiness of the community.

But these advantages, although of easy attainment, can not be secured without concert. Without concert and social combinations, no great object ever has been, nor, perhaps, will be affected; the minds of men must be brought to act upon, and with each other; sympathy must prevail, and a desire to consummate one conmmon end must become general; otherwise, individual efforts are impotent and fruitless. No people, perhaps, on earth, have ever occupied a more important position, or been charged with a higher trust than the present inhabitants of the Mississippi Valley. The present population of this region is but the germ of a mighty empire; and it may be said that no part of the globe presents so large and so fertile a district-extending through so many degrees of latitude-and watered by one sys. tem of streams-uninterrupted by any of those natural obstacles which have ever been considered as the boundaries of nations; and making enemies of those whom they divide..

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Nor has the history of man presented a parallel increase of population to that which has obtained here for the last half century - an increase which is annually augmented, and which, according to every reasonable calculation, will continue unabated until limited or modified by the resources of the country. If this unparalleled increase should be permitted to continue by Him who rules the des tiny of nations, the population of the Valley of the Mississippi will number 100,000,000 within seventy-five years from the present date. It is the privilege of the present inhabitants of this vast region to give direction to the policy and morals of a people who, at no very distant day, will equal in numbers the entire population of all Europe. Never before has a comparatively small number of individuals had it in their power to exert so extensive an influence upon the moral destiny of the human family, as have the present inhabitants of this region. But it must be borne in mind that the duties arising from this favorable position are commensurate with this privilege, and demand that the active energies of every individual should be properly applied in giving the best direction to the policy and moral institutions of the country. Then let all men come up to this great work→ let us examine with the most rigorous scrutiny every principle which enters into the policy of our institutions, whether civil, political or moral; and while we shall promote our own immediate prosperity by wisely adopting those principles only, which are pure and sound, we shall lay a strong and durable foundation for the happiness and glory of the millions of the future.

In this great work the philanthropist may labor with something more than the mere hope of benefitting his race; for the good which he shall do in the present generation will be multiplied many times in the next, and from the seed which he may sow, shall his children reap an abundant harvest. Here ambition may find a sure road to fame; for the names of the early benefactors of this great Valley, will expand with the mighty increase of its population and as its boundless re

sources shall be unfolded-and its moral influence extended throughout the earththe record of their virtues shall be borne to its remotest bounds, and translated into the language of every land.

ART. V.—MANUFACTURE OF COTTON IN THE SOUTH AND WEST.

We have long entertained the opinion that the manufacture of American grown cotton, would, in time, be transferred from Great Britain and the continent of Europe, to the United States: and that it would ultimately be located principally in the cotton growing region, or in the nearest provision growing districts, where the facilities of transportation and propelling power could be obtained. In making up this opinion, we take no notice of labor, for the reason that it will ever abound where capital and enterprize lead the way, and offer a fair reward, and permanent employment. Within the cotton region, however, labor is already abundant, and by reason of the peculiar institutions of that portion of the Union, it must continue to increase, and become more abundant every year. From our present view of the subject, however, we deem it of little importance to the general interest of the inhabitants of the Mississippi Valley, whether the cotton produced within its limits, shall be manufactured in the cotton or provision region; for the facilities of exchanging the products of the southern and northern portions of this vast region, are so great, that the manufacturing operatives, will, in time, be principally fed by the provisions of the north, whether the mills are located above or below the line of cotton growing, although, in a local point of view, it would doubtless be of advantage to the north if the factories were located in that quarter. Still the Valley of the Mississippi, from south to north, constitutes one community of interest; and extending through nearly twenty degrees of latitude, an active exchange must from the nature of things, always be carried on between the products of the two extremes: and the prosperity of one part must ever contribute to that of every other.

We have been drawn into these hasty remarks by a paragraph from the " Pensacola Live Oak."

"COTTON MILL WITH NEGRO OPERATIVES We had the pleasure, a short time since, of visiting what to us was a novelty, viz.: a cotton manufactory, the machinery of which is tended by negroes. It is a very neat little mill of about 1,000 spindles, located at Arcadia, a delightful spot in the neighborhood of Milton, and some seventeen miles from Pensacola. The machinery is moved by an ample fall of water, and with thirty-three or thirty-four young colored girls, six or seven colored boys, and two or three white overseers, from the north, turns out some 5,000 yards of excellent domestic, weekly. The mill is in as fine order as any

we have ever seen-the operatives all young, intelligent, and cheerful. They are provided for at one table, and their looks do credit to their fare. They were selected, with care, for this establishment, and probably at an average cost of about $400 each. The mill is owned by a small company of enterprising gentlemen, of this city and vicinity, and has been in operation but little over a year. As an experiment, we are happy to hear it has more than answered the sanguine expectations of its worthy projectors."

We should have been pleased if the writer had gone more into detail, and given his readers some account of the profits accruing from the investment. The account however, if true, and we have no reason to doubt of it, establishes the im portant fact-which has been long questioned-that negroes can be made efficient operatives in the manufacture of cotton. This point once established, and the price of the raw material remaining at its present low rate for a few years, manufacturing will begin to take deep root in the south and west; and when firmly established, will be sustained against the capital and labor of the balance of the world.

To show that even free labor is also both abundant and cheap in the south, we extract from the "Commercial Review" the following account of the cotton mill established by Mr. Daniel Pratt, in Autauga county, Alabama:

"In other pages of this Review we have spoken of the progress made in man ufactures by the people of Alabama.

"A few weeks ago we had the pleasure of passing through their State, and of visiting the remarkable town of Prattsville, a description of which was promised. For this we have the material, its enterprising proprietor having appropriated to us several hours in various explanations throughout his immense establishment. "Daniel Pratt is a remarkable instance of that success which energy, enterprise and worth of character will every where secure.

"He was born in the northern States, and left Lowell for Savannah, Georgia, where he became engaged in building bridges, but without much success. He removed thence to Alabama, with no other effects than a few chattels, but blessed with an energy which was indeed everything to him in his slender fortunes. We heard an anecdote of his industry at this period, in being discovered before the light of day with a supply of corn, which had been procured for his family. But difficulties such as these were nothing to so dauntless a spirit.

"Mr. Pratt's earliest business in Alabama, was the construction, on a limited scale of cotton gins. This was about 1833 or 1834. His first limited purchase was the privilege of water power. His business gradually progressed in extent and profit. The present site of Prattsville was bought for $20,000 from Joseph May, and contains 2,000 acres. The purchase money was soon realized from the sale of gins, and promptly paid. At this period an old saw-mill and a few indifferent huts were all that existed on the place.

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"Prattsville is situated twelve miles north-west from Montgomery, on the west

side of the Alabama river four miles from the town of Washington, and eight miles from Robinson Springs, a fashionable watering-place. It is on Autauga Creek, from which the county takes its name. Autauga,' in the English language signifies corn dumpling.' Autauga creek is a bold, clear stream supported by beautiful springs which rise aboui fifteen miles from its mouth. It is the most uniform stream in the world-neither depressed by a protracted drought, nor much swollen by heavy rains. It is, consequently, one of the best character for manufactories, for it can always be depended upon. The fall is pretty rapid, and the water can be worked over every half mile. The banks are bold, and the pine forest making up to the edge, so that there is no swamp near the creek. The woods abound with pine timber, the country healthy, the water good, navigation convenient, and every thing is favorable for the erection of extensive manufactories. The bed of Autauga creek is of a sandstone, generally reaching across hence the foundation is superior for mills.

"Mr. Pratt's fortunes began to advance from this purchase. His improvements have been extraordinary, and one cannot realize they have been made in so short a period, save by the wand of an enchantress. He has also an interest in a large business house in New Orleans.

"The immense establishments at this place include a large cotton gin manufactory, which completes ten to twelve gins per week. They are shipped to New Orleans and Mobile, for the supply of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas. The gins contain fifty saws each, of the value of $3 to $4 a saw. The steel plates for saws are imported from the North, but all the rest of the machinery is manufactured upon the place, in the extensive sawing, planing, mortising, grooving and other departments, conducted by water power. Several saw-mills are employed in getting out necessary lumber for buildings, &c. The Alabama iron we observed in use, in casting railroad axles, some of which it appears are contracted for in Prattsville.

"The cotton manufacturing establishment is a new addition to the premises. It has the power of 3,000 spindles, all of which were not adjusted when we were there. The cost of the machinery for this power is estimated by Mr. Pratt at $40,000, or over $13 the splindle. No part of this cotton establishment has been in operation six months. The persons employed are taken from the country around, men, women and children-families being preferred-who are furnished with houses at small rent and obtain their provisions at the shops and neighboring farms. Average wages $8 per month. There is no difficulty in getting operatives, who soon become expert in the business. Negroes have not been employed from the abundance of other labor.

"The Prattsville Factory, when in operation, will consume 1500 bales of cotton annually. The cotton is bought in the neighborhood. The cloth is of a coarse quality, for which a ready market is always at hand, at ten cents the yard