from Cochabamba, contending that their term of service had expired, deserted about this time, and separated to their respective homes. All these circumstances compelled Flores to go in quest of new auxiliaries, and in the meanwhile to abandon La Paz to its fate.

He was

During the progress of the first siege of La Paz, the trial and execution of Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru and his family had taken place. When tortured by Areche, to compel him to disclose his accomplices, he nobly replied; 'Two only are my accomplices, myself and you, who interrogate me; you, in continuing your robberies upon the people, and in endeavoring to prevent you.' A short sentence, says Pazos, which defines the nature of the Spanish government. The sentence of death was executed on him with a studied cruelty, disgraceful to the Spanish government in the last degree. His judges seemed to have indulged in a spirit of personal vengeance, while pronouncing the doom of the law. forced to look on and behold the death of his wife, his children, and his kindred; his tongue was next plucked out by the hands of the hangman; and he was then torn asunder, limb from limb, by four wild horses. Such was the fate of a patriot and hero, who was only goaded into his attempt to vindicate the rights of his nation by arms, after the failure of reiterated efforts to procure a melioration of their condition by peaceable means. He perished a martyr to the cause of Peruvian independence, which it had been the darling wish of his heart to renovate, by overthrowing the Spanish tyranny, and reestablishing the empire of the Incas on its ruins. He did not fall unavenged. The savage vindictiveness displayed in the manner of his execution, worthy only of the ages of darkness and a government of barbarians, produced an effect directly contrary to that, which the Spaniards anticipated. The Indians fought, after this event, as if each individual had the death of his dearest kinsman to revenge; and the survivors of the family of Tupac Amaru soon signalised the deepness of their own resentment. His brother, Diego Cristobal, united and sustained the interests of the Indians no less effectually than he had done; and a new adventurer arose, Miguel Bastidas, otherwise named Andres Tupac Amaru, claiming to be the son, but being in fact the nephew of Jose Gabriel, whose superior talents and sanguinary character made him still more terrible to the Spaniards. Andres was at this time

only seventeen years of age; but he distinguished himself above all the Indian chiefs, by the siege and destruction of Sorata.

The Spaniards of the province of Larecaja had collected all their treasures in Sorata, where they entrenched themselves, and being well supplied with provisions and ammunition, courageously awaited the Indians. Andres Tupac Amaru, by the mere influence of the name he bore, gathered an army of fourteen thousand men, and beleaguered the town. The Spaniards, unintimidated by his threats, made a brave defence, but were subdued at last by the laborious ingenuity of the Indians. A ridge of lofty mountains, called Tipuani, overlooked Sorata. Availing himself of the great number of men at his command, Andres Tupac Amaru dug a spacious dam on the side of the town, and conducted into it all the numerous mountain torrents of Tipuani, now swelled by the melting of the snows on its summit. When his artificial lake was filled, he poured out upon Sorata the immense body of water it contained, which tore up the entrenchments, washed away the houses, and submerged the whole town beneath an irresistible deluge. There was no longer any barrier to oppose to the impetuosity of the Indians. They rushed into the place as the water subsided, and in a sack of six days' duration, gained possession of an immense booty, and glutted their rage in the indiscriminate slaughter of the Spaniards.

After gathering the fruits of this important victory, Andres marched his forces to assist in reducing La Paz; and this now brings us back to the protracted siege of that ill starred city. Tupa Catari was much dissatisfied with Tupac Amaru's movement, who, he foresaw, would thus divide with him the glory of success, without having participated in half the labors of the siege. But after some altercation between them, they mutually agreed to bury their jealousy in the common zeal of assuring the triumph of their nation. The new siege presents a repetition of the same scenes, which marked the last, except that the ardor and obstinacy of the parties seem to have been augmented by the greater hope of success entertained by the one, and the increased peril of the other.

Flores in the meantime was diligently engaged assembling forces at Oruro, where an army of five thousand men was at length formed, consisting partly of regulars, partly of the

militia of Cochabamba, Charcas, Salta, Jujui, Valle, and Tucuman, and placed under the command of Don Jose de Reseguin. This officer was brave, prudent, cool, indefatigable, in short, every way worthy of the commission. He set forth on his march to La Paz without delay; and it was fortunate for the city that his progress was not much impeded; for La Paz was on the very point of yielding to the Indians. Instructed by the advantage they had obtained from the inundation of Sorata, they threw a strong dam across the river Chuquiaco, one of the sources of the main branch of the Amazon, which flows through the middle of La Paz. This huge mole was fifty yards high, a hundred and twenty long, and twelve thick at the foundation. Only two days before the arrival of Reseguin, the water burst away the embankment, and rose so high as to inundate the three bridges of the city. The terror, which this artificial flood inspired, and the probability of its being repeated with still worse effects, presented to the inhabitants the alternative of abandoning the city, or remaining exposed to the horrible catastrophe of Sorata. Such was the perilous condition of La Paz, when the waving of the Spanish banners on the distant heights, and the murmur of martial sounds, announced to the joyful inhabitants the approach of Reseguin and safety.

The Indians, conscious of their inability to cope with Reseguin, precipitately fled before him. Waiting at La Paz only three days to refresh his victorious troops, he pursued them, and overtaking them drawn up, as usual, on the upper side of a sloping ground, he joined battle without hesitation, and compelled them, after an obstinate struggle, to throw themselves among the ravines of the mountains.

After Reseguin's victory, universal consternation and despondency took possession of the Indians, in the place of their former energy and patriotism. Persuaded that all was lost, if they contended further, since every combat afforded fresh triumph to their enemies, they still distrusted the proffered clemency of the Spanish government. But finally, allured by the promises of Reseguin, Tupa Catari and Andres Tupac Amaru wrote letters to him from the place of their retreat, embracing the proposed conditions. Diego Cristobal Tupac Amaru sent, at the same time, to claim the benefit of the amnesty published at Lima, in favor, as well of the ordinary

insurgents, as of the authors and leaders of the insurrection. Reseguin, fearing some treachery, dexterously required these chiefs to make their submission in person. Tupa Catari was unwilling to do this without a safe conduct, but Andres came in with his principal adherents, and being very cordially received by Reseguin, made a formal capitulation, and swore allegiance anew to the king, as the condition of his own and his companions' pardon.

Although Reseguin possessed a robust constitution, his health had sunk beneath the hardships of the actice service. in which he was engaged, and he now labored under severe illness. Nevertheless, having set out for the districts, which still maintained a show of war, he persisted in marching thither, and entered the villages on the ready shoulders of the Indians, who, as basely humble in adversity as they were fiercely proud in prosperity, greeted his entry with their acclamations.

While these Indians were prostrating themselves at the feet of Reseguin, Tupa Catari was exciting those of Hachacachi to continue the war. Reseguin, considering the machinations of this chief the only obstacle to peace, resorted to artifice to obtain possession of his person. He corrupted Tupa Catari's most intimate friend, Tomas Inga Lipe, and by this means succeeded in making him prisoner. He was tried, condemned, and sentenced to the same punishment which Tupac Amaru had suffered. After being torn asunder by horses, his head was sent to La Paz, and his limbs distributed in various places, as a terror to the Indians.

The auditor of Chile, Don Francisco de Medina, was attached to Reseguin in quality of judicial adviser. He began by the premature imprisonment of Andres Tupac Amaru and his chiefs, who had surrendered under a solemn pledge of free pardon. This act was regarded by Diego Cristobal as a violation of the public faith; and he lost no time in stirring up the Indians anew in the provinces of Carabuco, Hachacachi, and Guarina. Had he improved this opportunity for attacking Reseguin, the attack must have been fatal to the Spanish general; for Reseguin was extremely sick; and his army, reduced to three hundred and ninety four men, by the desertion of the militia, was in no condition to withstand the Indians. But Diego let slip the propitious moment, and

it never again recurred. The Indians were grown weary of the contest, and in almost all the provinces about La Paz claimed the benefit of the indulgence, and delivered up their chiefs in evidence of the sincerity of their submission. Diego soon followed their example. Persuaded that the cause o his nation was hopeless, he sent a memorial to Don Jose del Valle, in the beginning of the year 1782, praying for the royal pardon, and was admitted to render the oath of allegiance at the Indian village of Siguani.

The flame of the revolution was nearly extinct; but it still sent forth a few broken flashes in the remoter provinces. The Indians of Los Yungas especially, and those of a valley called the Quebrada of the river Abaxo in Sicasica, and Chulumani, held out with great obstinacy. Arrogant with their many victories over the small detachments sent against them, they maintained a fierce and savage independence. At length Flores assembled a powerful force, and commissioned Reseguin to finish the war. This expedition was memorable for the many bloody victories gained in it over the Indians. Pazos describes the manner in which battles were fought, whenever the Indians and Spaniards met in open field; and it is easy to conceive from his description, that, as he says, the slaughter among the Indians in all the war was immense.

They (the Indians) were ignorant of military discipline, had but few firearms, and were principally armed with slings. The royal army from Buenos Ayres, Tucuman, and Cochabamba, consisted of regular troops. The Buenos Ayreans were armed and equipped like European soldiers; the Tucumans composed the cavalry, and were armed with butcher knives, and ropes from twentyfive to thirty yards long, which they used in catching wild cattle. The arms of the Cochabambians were short clubs loaded with lead, to which a rope of two or three yards in length was fastened, and which were used like slings, and were very deadly weapons. The Indians were scattered all over the plains, in no regular order or ranks, and were nothing more than an undisciplined and unarmed mob. The mode of attacking them was as follows. The Tucuman horsemen first rode among the Indians and threw them down with their ropes, and the Cochabambians followed with their clubs and despatched them.' Letters to Mr Clay, p. 254.

The battle of Hucumarimi, being the most obstinately disputed of all that were fought during the revolution, and the most successful for the Spaniards, acquired the name of the