was sure. Chemistry led in the revolution, followed by geology, zoölogy, and botany. Gradually provision for the distinctly industrial phases of life was introduced into colleges and universities. As early as in 1823 manual-labor schools came into existence in this country. These came at the demand of the awakening mechanical genius of the time. They grew slowly at first, undergoing a long period of incubation, from which they began to emerge some forty or fifty years ago. Of late their growth has been great, and their influence has been extended with phenomenal rapidity. They have now passed the initial stage and taken their place among the recognized subjects of education. Along with the demand for instruction in science and the mechanic arts a similar demand arose for instruction in agriculture. At the close of the eighteenth century there was a distinct movement in this direction in Pennsylvania, which went so far as to complete the preliminary organization of a college of agriculture. This college was to be an institution of the county agricultural societies. At that time the policy of the maintenance of higher industrial education by the state had not developed. When the preliminary arrangements seemed complete the project, for some unfortunate reason, was abandoned in the year 1799. As early as in 1821 instruction in agriculture was given in the Lyceum at Gardiner, Me. There was some incidental instruction in agriculture in the early days of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, which was established in 1823. In 1824 an "Agricultural Seminary was opened at Derby, Conn. It was founded by Josiah Holbrook and Truman Coe. It provided a course in agriculture and was also co-educational. The venture was ahead of its time, however, and the college was discontinued after one or two years. In the winter of 1846-47 a "Farmers' College "

was or

ganized at College Hill, near Cincinnati. This was really a reorganization of an academy that was started in 1883. The institution had a continuous existence as a college with agricultural features until the beginning of the Civil War. It was reopened after that time, but could not compete with the growing Land Grant colleges. In 1854 the "Ohio Agricultural College was opened at Oberlin, in Northern Ohio. This was conducted for one year at Oberlin and two years at Cleveland, and finally was removed to Columbus, becoming eventually a part of the State University.

During the first half of the past century the subject of agricultural education was very commonly discussed by the agricultural societies of the United States. The Land Grant Act of 1862 was really in large part a culmination of these discussions. A movement was early under way in New York State. As early as in 1826 Lieutenant-Governor Talmadge recommended that greater attention be given to the general teaching of "the sciences connected with agriculture and the mechanic arts "in New York State. In 1836 the legislature of New York granted a charter for an agricultural college. It was proposed to buy a farm and to establish a school on it. Even in the states which were then on the western frontier the movement early took definite form. In 1850 the legislature of Michigan asked its representatives in Congress to give lands for the establishment of agricultural schools. The legislature of Illinois, as early as 1854, passed resolutions calling upon Congress to establish an industrial university. These are only isolated examples of the widespread interest that was taken in this general movement by farmers and by those who were interested in the public welfare. In Michigan an agricultural college was established in 1857, and this institution, the oldest of the existing American agricultural

colleges, is still one of the leading institutions of its kind in the world.

At the outset Cornell University put itself directly in line with these growing movements for instruction in agriculture. Conferences were held with the leading educators of the state and with the officers of the State Agricultural Society. One of the two professors first chosen was a professor of agricultural chemistry, but no professor of scientific and practical agriculture was appointed. There was a farm consisting of the land presented by Mr. Cornell, not reserved for a campus, upon which stood a small farmhouse, situated near the eastern extension of Sibley College, and several blackened barns. At the meeting of the trustees of February 13, 1868, Joseph Harris, a gentleman widely known as the editor of a popular agricultural paper, who had some personal acquaintance with foreign agriculture, was appointed to the professorship of agriculture. He never entered, however, upon the duties of his position. Soon after the opening of the second term on February 18, 1869, Lewis Spaulding was appointed assistant-professor of agriculture and farm director. It was evident that the entire organization of this department was inchoate, and the first specific instruction was elementary in character, and confined to the observation of farm work. Two prominent agriculturists were early appointed as lecturers in the university, Mr. John Stanton Gould, on June 30, 1869, who had been president of the State Agricultural Society and was actively interested in promoting the agricultural welfare of the state. This noble Friend was a man of great practical wisdom and of large influence in the denomination with which he was connected, whose life had been devoted to the amelioration of the condition of the suffering and criminal classes in the community. He delivered for