sea in fishes, were not popular but private subjects of study. Training in nature-study was confined to a few observers, and not for the masses. Philosophy was theoretical, and the period of experimental psychology had not dawned. The revelations of the microscope and of the spectroscope, and the whole science of bacteriology, which has transformed medicine, were but imperfectly known. The applications of electricity, which have changed modern business and social intercourse as well as opened new pathways in science, had not been discovered. To teach popular science, or science popularly, was to degrade it. The study of agriculture was an inferior pursuit. Education was confined to a few subjects, and there was a fixed curriculum.

Under these circumstances Cornell University had its birth. Beyond the two courses in agriculture and the mechanic arts provided for in the Act of Congress, the constitution of the university was largely due to its first president, Dr. Andrew Dickson White. Personally he had become dissatisfied with the old education. Modern interests appealed to him profoundly. While recognizing what was valuable in the education of the past he made provision for and emphasized the new subjects in science, literature, history, and sociology. Instruction in some subjects seems largely due to his initiative, as in sociology. He was one of the first to recognize the importance of electricity, and to accord a place to it in a university curriculum. Freedom of study was a cardinal doctrine of the new university from the first. The absence of a minute oversight over students, and a large confidence in their manhood and capacity for selfdirection, was an early feature. The higher education for woman was one of the fundamental principles of the university from an early period in its history.

Training for life has been a main purpose of all in

struction. The development of research and the corresponding growth of publication have been features of the later development of the university, and are coincident with the enlargement of its resources and the growth of graduate instruction, which followed the coming of President Adams.

If I should characterize the different periods of university history, the first period embracing the administration of President White would be the formative period, the second, that of President Adams, the period of organization and of development based upon enlarged resources, while that of President Schurman would be the building epoch and that of the division into colleges.

A favorite expression of Mr. Henry W. Sage was: "The history of the university is a heart history." Its practical aims, and the lives and the affections of men, have constituted its wealth. As it exists to-day, it is the product of the affection, the devotion, the sacrifice of those who have endowed it, and of those who have taught within it. Here character has been formed, and the most precious legacy of the university to the nation will be the gift of its young men who go forth to contribute to its upbuilding, as well as the truth here discovered and wrought into life.

The breadth of the curriculum, the equal recognition of classical and modern literature, history and natural science, the provision for training in technical subjects, naturally attracted students from all parts of the country and even from Europe, giving to the academic life from the first a cosmopolitan character. Out of 3,230 students, fifty-six per cent. are from New York, about twenty-one per cent. from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, and Illinois, five per cent. from New England, and a little over three and one-fifth per cent. from foreign countries. From the date of the first Japanese

student here in 1876, the late distinguished botanist of the University of Tokio, Professor Yatabe, to 1896, thirty-four Japanese students had studied here, a number which has constantly increased both from that country as well as from other parts of the Orient, and especially from the states of South America.

The growth of the university in the number of students pursuing graduate courses, as well as the marked increase of publications on the part of the faculty and graduate students, are among the most striking features of recent years.

Before the completion of the first century of its existence, one hundred thousand students will have studied in these halls. With each succeeding year memories of friendship, of enthusiasm, of youthful rivalry, and of victory will be associated more and more with the buildings, and the walks around our campus. The student of to-day is the alumnus of to-morrow, and the future of the university will be found in the loyal support of its graduates.

I am profoundly indebted to my colleagues, whose generous and valued co-operation has often been bestowed in the midst of other and exacting duties; but the grace with which their assistance has been rendered has made me permanently their debtor. To the directors of the several colleges I am especially indebted; to Director Ernest W. Huffcut, B. S., LL. B., of the College of Law; Director William M. Polk, M. D., LL. D., of the Cornell University Medical College in New York; William F. Durand, Ph. D., Acting Director of Sibley College; Charles L. Crandall, Acting Director of the College of Civil Engineering; Liberty H. Bailey, Director of the College of Agriculture; James Law, F. R. V. S., Director of the New York State Veterinary College; Abram T. Kerr, B. S., M. D., Secretary of the Medical Faculty in Ithaca; also to Charles E. Bennett,

A. B., Litt. D., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature; Walter F. Willcox, A. B., Ph. D., Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of Political Economy and Statistics, and to his former colleague, Robert C. Brooks, A. B., Ph. D., now in Swarthmore College; Edward L. Nichols, B. S., Ph. D., Professor of Physics; Captain Frank A. Barton, M. E., U. S. A., Professor of Military Science and Tactics; George L. Burr, A. B., LL. D., Professor of Mediæval History; Charles De Garmo, Ph. D., Professor of the Science and Art of Education; Charles Mellen Tyler, A. M., D. D., Professor Emeritus of Christian Ethics and of the History and Philosophy of Religion; the Rev. Nathaniel Schmidt, A. M., Professor of the Semitic Languages and Literatures; Ralph S. Tarr, B. S., Professor of Dynamic Geology and of Physical Geography; Edward F. Titchener, M. A., Ph. D., Sage Professor of Psychology; James E. Creighton, A. B., Ph. D., Sage Professor of Logic and Metaphysics; Evander McGilvary, A. M., Ph. D., Sage Professor of Moral Philosophy; William A. Hammond, A. M., Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Ancient and Medieval Philosophy and Esthetics; James McMahon, A. M., Professor of Mathematics; George F. Atkinson, Ph. B., Professor of Botany; John H. Comstock, B. S., Professor of Entomology and General Invertebrate Zoology; Simeon H. Gage, B. S., Professor of Histology and Embryology; Duncan Campbell Lee, late Assistant Professor of Elocution and Oratory; also to George W. Harris, Ph. B., Librarian, both for the chapter on the history of the library, and a biographical sketch of Professor Willard Fiske.

The author has been permitted by the editor-in-chief of the Cornell Magazine, Mr. Willard A. Austen, to use several articles upon Student Activities, published some years since, when it was under his direction. Among

these articles are: Fraternities, by Willard A. Austen; Football, by Ellis L. Aldrich; Convivial Societies, by J. G. Sanderson; Social Life, by Jerome Barker Landfield; Literary Societies, by Fayette E. Moyer; Baseball, by Edward Davis, and The Cornell Navy, by J. W. McCulloh-many of which were written from a fresh study of the sources, the facts, and the language of which have at times been adopted.

To Mr. John N. Ostrom and Mr. Percy Hagerman, for articles upon early boating, I am indebted, and to Mr. C. E. Courtney for ready assistance at all times, and for an interesting collection of photographs of crews and races, which I have been permitted to use. For a sketch of Mr. Courtney I am indebted to an article published in The Commercial Travelers' Magazine some years since, written by Mills Butler; also to Dr. Clark S. Northup, Assistant Professor of the English Language and Literature, for permission to use an address upon Sage Chapel, delivered April 17, 1904.

It is to be regretted that satisfactory material for the biographies of several of our most munificent benefactors was not available.

From the early correspondence of President White and of Mr. Ezra Cornell, I have derived many facts. To Dr. White, whose presence among us is a benediction, I owe a constant kindly interest and most valuable assistance in the interpretation of events. To many others for suggestions and assistance: to the Hon. Francis M. Finch, LL. D., to the late Governor Alonzo B. Cornell, and to numerous eolleagues for the revision of special chapters, I am greatly indebted.

I have sought in all cases to verify accepted facts by consulting the original sources. Much is preserved in the college press, and in contemporary journals.