able, and the plant, as a rule, grows well in India, provided it gets a sufficiency of water. When out of work, 8 or 9lbs. of it will be a good allowance for each horse, half to be given after the morning feed, the rest during the afternoon. It is advisable to dry it, for half an hour or so in the sun, before the horse eats it.

Milk. For sick or delicate horses, milk is often most valuable, and they will seldom refuse it. Sweet skim-milk is preferable to new milk, which, from being too rich, is very apt to purge the horse. A couple of gallons may be given daily. To correct any tendency it might have to produce diarrhoea, the milk might be brought to the boil in a clean vessel, care being taken that it be not smoked during the process. Sugar or salt may be added.

Stowage of Grain.-Grain may be kept sweet, and free from the attacks of rats and mice in large earthen jars (Hind. mutka). They will hold 7 or 8 maunds, are very cheap, and can be readily procured.

Bags, capable of holding 25 to 30 maunds, may be employed. Each bag will cost about 7 or 8 rupees, and should be placed on a wooden stand. There is generally some difficulty about protecting them from the attacks of vermin.

Native grain-sellers generally use receptacles (Hind. kothee) made of thin bamboo wicker-work plastered over with clay, or with clay and cowdung.

If a large quantity of grain has to be stowed away, a granary may be constructed as follows:-Trace on the ground a circle of about 16 feet in diameter, and

build on its circumference twelve or thirteen brick pillars, say, 18 inches square and 2 feet high, and at its centre a circular pillar of the same height, and about 3 feet in diameter. On these pillars construct a boarded floor, and build on it a strong bamboo wicker-work house, 9 or 10 feet high. This is plastertop, and a light thatched roof is put over the whole. A house, such as I have described, would cost, say, 25 rupees, and would hold about 700 maunds of oats.

ed over, a small door is left at the

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CHAPTER IV.

Sketch of the Theory of Food and Nutrition.

COMPOSITION OF THE BODY-WASTE OF TISSUE-REPAIR OF WASTEANALYSIS OF GRAINS AND GRASSES- - NITROGENOUS FOOD FAT, STARCH, AND SUGAR IN FOOD- HEAT SUPPLY MINERAL SUBSTANCES-HUSK OF GRAIN-BULK IN FOOD-SELECTION OF FOODHAY AND GRASS-GREEN MEAT-VARIETY IN FOOD-SALT-RELATIONS OF COLD, HEAT, AND CLOTHING TO FOOD-MASTICATION AND DIGESTION-FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY THE BLOOD-APPETITE-INFLUENCE OF AN ARTIFICIAL STATE OF LIFE-PREPARATION OF FOOD.

Composition of the Body.-Nearly four-fifths of the body of the horse is composed of water, while the remainder is made up of various organic and inorganic compounds. The former may be subdivided into substances that contain nitrogen—a gas, that mixed with oxygen, forms atmospheric air, and substances which are wanting in that element; while the latter comprise the different mineral matters of the system, such as common salt, the carbonate and phosphate of lime, and carbonic acid, with traces of ammonia. The nonnitrogenous compounds may be put under two classes, namely, fats, and saccharine substances, such as milk and sugar.

Every tissue of the body which is employed in the performance of labour-such as the muscles, tendons,

nerves, glands, &c.-is composed of substances that come under the nitrogenous group; "even the non-cellular liquids passing out into the alimentary canal at various. points-which have so great an action in preparing the food in different ways—are not only nitrogenous, but the constancy of this implies the necessity of the nitrogen, in order that these actions shall be performed" (Parkes). Albumen is a familiar example of this group. These substances consist of carbon-of which charcoal is a well known form-hydrogen and oxygen--the two constituents of water-combined in various proportions with nitrogen, and, in the case of albuminous substances. with a small amount of sulphur.

Both the fats and saccharine matters are composed of certain combinations of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In the latter, the two last mentioned elements are united in the proportion that forms water, so that sugar and starch may be regarded as a combination of carbon with that fluid; while in the former, there is a smaller amount of oxygen. The fat, which is deposited as a layer immediately under the skin, serves to maintain the internal temperature of the body, by the fact of its being a bad conductor of heat. Fat also acts as a natural elastic cushion to various parts of the system, as, for instance, at the back of the eyeball, above the horny frog, and around the joints.

Dr. Carpenter remarks, that" the muscular, nervous, and glandular tissues are not composed of albuminous substances alone; they contain, as an essential constituent of their structure, a certain portion of fat, with out which their composition would be imperfect, and

the performance of their functions impossible." Such fat, he points out, must, therefore, be regarded as a tissue former, and not alone as a supplier of heat, although it will serve in the latter capacity on becoming broken up.

Waste of Tissue.-Every tissue of the body has a certain limited time for existence (a period which is directly shortened by exercise) after which it becomes broken up, and is absorbed into the blood. In order to remove these effete and deleterious matters, the system is provided with various excretory organs, such as the lungs, kidneys, &c. During respiration, the oxygen, which is absorbed from the air by the blood-vessels in the air-cells of the lungs, is carried through the various parts of the body, so that it may break up the effete tissue by combining with its carbon to form carbonic acid, which the blood, at the completion of its circuit, conveys to the lungs, to be by them expelled into the atmosphere.

A small amount of carbonic acid is eliminated by the skin.

We may roughly express the oxidation of the various tissues as follows:

1. Fat oxygen

+ oxygen

carbon + hydrogen + oxygen carbonic acid + water.

2. Starch (or sugar) + oxygen = carbon + water + oxygen carbonic acid + water.

3. Albumen + oxygen carbon + hydrogen + nitrogen oxygen + oxygen = carbonic acid+water+ degraded nitrogenous matters, such as urea (C, H, N, O,), &c.

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