subject which demands much attention. The knowledge of how to rule masses, and how to influence individual character, is the chief source from whence he draws his power. A pupil-teacher can only be directed to this knowledge by others' experience, which should be diligently acquired by getting up the different systems that have had, or are having, a sway and influence in the world at large.

I regret that to a question put to the pupil-teachers and candidates-Why are you a member of the Church of England?the answer has very seldom been satisfactory; and I would direct the attention of the clergy to this point. The absolute heresies often included in the replies create as much grief as astonishment, and this even in well-taught schools.

pupil

subjects.

Domestic management and cookery* should form part of Female the education and examination of the female pupil-teachers. teachers' Many of them wanting this instruction are likely to prove very inefficient managers of houses when their time comes. Instruction in some way of giving gallery lessons in such matters should form, I think, a chief feature in the training of mistresses in training schools.†

be taught.

It may be in some cases through a false pride that mis- Cookery to tresses do not cultivate this branch of study. They imagine it would lower them to be thus useful. They are, however, as I believe, mistaken. The parents of the children will hold that mistress in the highest esteem who, in addition to her other qualifications, is in advance of themselves in what alone they profess to understand. The means of lecturing on these subjects is now available wherever schools are furnished with gas; as gas-stoves, placed on the mistress' table, may be used, and the lecture on cookery becomes a lecture on chemistry. I know that this is practicable; having done it myself at the Norwich Training School, and, with the assistance of the governesses, cooked three mutton chops and made an omelette. If to Carving. cookery were added instruction in carving, it might be desirable. I have lately seen a student in a training-school cut up a shoulder of mutton into oblong bits, three inches by two, and one deep, and I have seen a person of a higher grade

* Knowledge of cookery is not without its use, even in other ranks than those sent out from common schools. A letter from an Etonian, an officer in a Light Dragoon regiment out at Varna, says, "tell him that his Finchley Manual caused me to be promoted to the office of troop cook, till our duties became so heavy, that I was obliged to resign in favour of a woman, and that I am still looked up to as an authority in all culinary matters,-thanks to him."

† I hear that the people of the coast feed chiefly on half-raw herrings, and on hard dumplings, and that they are totally ignorant of any means of turning simple articles to nutritious and palatable provision.

Educational exhibition.

commence operations with a fillet of veal by cutting it vertically through the middle.*

Your Lordships will allow me refer to an event of the year, in which I was privileged to take a part; the educational exhibition at St. Martin's Hall, brought about by the Society of Arts. Fourteen of the days set down in my diaries as vacation were spent in rendering aid to the Society in the arrangement of this exhibition; and the Committee were pleased to express, in a letter of thanks, a sense of the services which I had rendered them; and the Lord President, in a very handsome communication, allowed me to consider those days as devoted to the public service. The circumstances under which the exhibition opened were unfortunate; and the arrangement were not so complete as might have been hoped for. The sudden illness (brought on by overexertion) of Mr. Dodd, who had ably performed the laborious duties of secretary to the exhibition, occurring about three weeks before the advertized opening, totally incapacitated him from affording any further assistance in its formation, and placed the Society of Arts in a position of some difficulty. The Committee of Management, of whom I was one, were thus compelled to take a more active part than had been originally intended; and from this circumstance, and the manner in which the articles for exhibition arrived at the building, it was found impossible to carry out the scheme as previously set forth by the Society. This explanation may in some degree answer the complaints that were made respecting a certain want of method and arrangement in the exhibition. In a permanent museum this defect would be easily remedied. On looking back at the number of articles exhibited, the means at the disposal of the Society, and the time that could be given (only ten days) for the arrangement, the only wonder is that so much was accomplished. Much of the labour was given gratuitously; and the principal and students of the National Society's Training School, Battersea, and of the Military College, Chelsea, with several schoolmasters whom I could name, afforded such help as alone enabled the Society to complete their engagements, and open the exhibition to the public on the very day that they had originally advertised. Great credit is due to the Secretary of the Society of Arts, and to Mr. Chester, for the manner in which the nu

*Juvenal mentions the existence of "carving schools at Rome, whose operations were performed upon wooden models, not without some noise:"--"Tota sonat ulmea cona Suburra."-" And the elm-banquet through Suburra sounds." Sat. XI., 140.

-

merous difficulties attending such an exhibition were overcome, and which insured a certain success. The loss to the Society has been only 3201.; and the result has been an awakened attention to the subject of education, and the foundation of an educational museum under the patronage of the Government.

this country,

rials.

Having had an opportunity of making many visits to the Progress of exhibition, and examining the articles sent by the different as compared nations, I came to the conclusion that in this country the with others, education of the common people was not so deficient as had tional mate been supposed, when compared with that of foreign states; and that there are few material helps of education used abroad which are not to be found in our own schools. was, in fact, no great novelty offered to notice.

There

buildings.

I was struck by the plans and elevations of the school School buildings of Sweden and Norway; not by their architecture so much as their complete adaptation to the purposes for which they are intended. The rooms are lofty and well ventilated, and, above all, the windows are large, admitting plenty of light. The very reverse of this seems to have been the rule in constructing our own normal schools.

The gymnastic apparatus of Norway also seems to be Gymnastics. especially good, and such as might be adopted with advantage in our schools.

The models of machines in wood and card, from Darmstadt Models. and Paris, were beautifully executed, and admirably adapted for higher class schools. Their expense will prevent their introduction into schools for the working classes in this country. A collection of stuffed birds and animals from Sweden seemed more suitable for a school of design, or a college,--such as King's or University, London,-than for the class of schools inspected by the Committee of Council, but nevertheless afforded an idea of what might be done in our own schools in the way of making collections of grasses, animals, minerals, &c. A set of dried leaves from Norway is doubly useful as a means of botanical knowledge, and as furnishing most beautiful drawing copies.

globes.

The electrical and mechanical apparatus is better, and quite Maps and as cheap, in this country. Some of the German maps and raised maps were very excellent. These latter were of all sorts of material, wax, plaster of Paris, wood, papier maché, and gutta percha; and I subsequently saw some, at the exhibition at Munich which I visited this year, executed by the galvanoplastic process, which bid fair to beat all others out of the market, both for durability and beauty of execution. Among the English contributions, I am happy to say that raised maps were exhibited by one of the National schoolmasters of

Fine Arts.

Casts.

Education societies.

Results.

this district, which gained much approbation, being charts of England and of Europe. There was no other English map on the same plan; and, as Mr. Brion of Halstead, the designer, has been encouraged to perfect his design, I wish him all the success which his patience and energy seem to me to deserve. There was also a most beautiful map of the world floating in space, which had a novel effect. It was called an "Orthographic Projection."* Most of the other maps exhibited by societies and publishers have already acquired a world-wide fame, and therefore may be omitted in so scanty a notice as this must be.

There was nothing in books, or the fine arts, that particularly demanded attention. The Government establishment at Marlborough House had no reason to feel ashamed when placed beside the exhibition of its rival and neighbour, the elder institution of Paris.

Mr. Brucciani, of Russell Street, Drury Lane, exhibited several beautiful casts; these are so reasonable in price, that they may be introduced into schools, even of the working classes, and must have a civilizing tendency.

The several educational societies took advantage of the exhibition to display the material helps which they individually afford to schools taught upon their systems. There was considerable general uniformity in their apparatus. Maps, globes, books, drawing articles, writing material, models of machinery, models of schools, sometimes exhibited for mere usefulness and cheapness of price, sometimes in a sort of luxury of getting up and finish, together with object boxes, forming little museums of educational study, tended to show at least that the instruction of the poorer classes has taken a more elevated character than it held twenty years back, when it was thought almost a crime to teach geography in schools, and to attempt grammar was deemed an absurdity.

Not the least useful part of the exhibition was that devoted to "results." I believe that, could an exhibition similar to this be got up each year, it would afford a stimulus to progress, that would amply repay the expense. So numerous were the articles sent in that it was impossible fully to display them, still less to point out those of most merit; and it is agreeable thus to dispose of a task which might have proved invidious.

I would mention, also, an astronomical globe by Dr. Silgestrom, as likely to give a good idea of the relation of the earth to the planetary bodies and fixed stars; the earth being in the centre, and the fixed stars being set on an outer globe of blue lace, so that the earth and the planets could be seen within. The idea was perhaps better, though more expensively developed, in an instrument exhibited at Munich; the etherial there being represented by a large glass globe, with stars engraved upon it.

I may, however, be permitted to say that the productions of the Eastern district of England in no respect came behind that of other parts, and that I was personally much gratified, not only with the articles contributed, but, with the hearty zeal in which the managers, masters, mistresses, pupil-teachers, and scholars took up the matter, and the labour and pains which they bestowed to maintain a worthy position. I feel, however, that I ought to speak in terms of the highest commendation of the models of the boys' and girls' schools at Norwich, exe- Models. cuted by the teachers Mr. Bellamy and Miss Mott, and their pupils; and which were so creditable as to command the greatest attention, and gain for the modellers the highest approbation. An elaborate and expensive model of school-buildings executed for Earl Granville by the well-known modeller, Mr. Dighton, from plans prepared by Mr. Hawkins of the Council Office, met with deserved attention.

The apparatus of Mr. Atkins and Mr. Leverett, and of the Apparatus. school at York, promises to produce a revolution in schoolfittings,―being at once appropriate and elegant, and not very expensive; the former work in American birch, and the latter in mahogany, polished. It is difficult to understand how they are produced for the price.

For infant schools, an excellent sort of three-shelved cribbs, Infant cribbs for those inclined to sleep, was exhibited by the Rev. J. G. C. Fussell, the Assistant Inspector, and should form part of the fittings of all infant schools.

There was also a work-table displayed by the National Society that seemed to be very well fitted for its purpose.

teachers.

I had the pleasure of issuing a notice to all the teachers of Week with the district that I would devote a week to explain to them the various articles in the exhibition, and to accompany them through the principle objects of interest in London. Nearly 120 were enabled to join our party; the managers of schools in many cases liberally assisting their teachers and pupilteachers in their expenses. Taken as an experiment to show the character and conduct of our teachers, the success was most entire. They on all hands seemed to appreciate the week's work, as a means of pleasant and useful instruction.*

I have to repeat my own obligations to the Lord President for the liberality manifested to myself in all matters connected with the exhibition, and to testify that, whatever my personal labour may have been, it was amply rewarded by the approba

I have the more pleasure in remembering this week with gratification as the teachers of the district at its close were good enough to present me with a gold pencil case, which obtains additional value from the manner of its presentation, and the numerous friends from whom it came.