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following figures are taken from the census of 1860:-The population of the non-slaveholding States was 18,907,753; of the slaveholding States, including 3,950,511 slaves, 12,243,293. The assessed value of real and personal property in the North was $6,541,027,619; in the South, $5,465,808,957. The number of acres of improved lands in the North were 88,181,466, and the cash value of the farms, farming implements, and machinery, $4,209,062,835; in the South the acres of improved land were 74,623,055, and the value of the farms and farming implements, $2,675,476,321. The North possessed of horses, asses, and mules, 3,669,239; the South, 3,537,236.

SUMMARY OF MILCH COWS, WORKING OXEN, AND OTHER CATTLE,

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The value of the home-made manufactures' in the North was $5,699,727; in the South, $18,526,734. All the naval stores-rosin, tar, pitch, turpentine, &c.-amounting to many millions of dollars annually, were produced in the South. A large portion of the live oak, white oak, and other timber used for the construction of ships in the Northern States, as well as the yellow pine and much of the building material, are of the growth of Southern forests.

In the census, the Northern States are credited with 17,215,952 tons of hay, whilst the produce of that article in the Southern States is set down at 1,857,554 tons. In comparing the resources of the two sections of the late union, this claim is absurd. The South grows more food for cattle than the North, but, thanks to her climate, she is not put to the expense of making her grass into hay for winter keep, except to a very moderate extent.

CHAPTER IX.

THE BRITISH COTTON TRADE-STATISTICS FROM 1697 TO 1863.

THE monopoly enjoyed by India in supplying cotton clothing material and yarns ceased about the beginning of the present century upon the advent of the cotton business with America. It will, therefore, be interesting to review the course of the British cotton trade from the earliest authentic records down to that period.

The Custom House returns give the following figures as the value of raw cotton imported, and manufactured goods exported in the years named:

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All these cottons were received from the Levant and America. South Carolina contributed within this period 17 bales, viz. in 1748 7 bales and 1754 10 bales-also in 1770 10 bales.

There were imported, from the year 1700 to 1760, considerable quantities of cotton yarn from India, as will be seen by the following table, which shows that during the early part of that period the cotton yarn imported from Hindostan bore a very considerable relation to the whole cotton wool imported from other places into Great Britain. Thus in 1710 the total importation of cotton wool was 715,008 lbs., while in 1707 that of

Indian yarn was 219,879 lbs., and in 1713, 135,546 lbs. The quantities of yarn imported by the Company seem to have suffered extraordinary vicissitudes, ill accordant with the regular course of the home manufactures into which they entered. It is reasonable, therefore, to infer that there must have been in the intervals very large importations of these yarns through the contraband traders, who are known to have supplied the European markets, to a great extent, with the highly prized and then inimitable muslins and calicoes of the Eastern world.

STATEMENT OF THE QUANTITY OF COTTON YARN IMPORTED FROM INDIA IN EACH YEAR FROM 1700 To 1760.

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The trade continued steady' at about the figures of 1764 until 1781. The following table exhibits its extent from that date until 1800, and specifies the portion received from the American States.

IMPORTATIONS AND EXPORTATIONS OF RAW COTTON INTO GREAT BRITAIN FROM 1781 To 1800-20 YEARS-WITH THE QUANTITY RECEIVED FROM THE AMERICAN STATES.

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The foregoing tables exhibit the limited extent of the British cotton trade up to the beginning of the present centennial period. It was not until 1788 that the first importation of raw cotton from India into England took place. Prior to that period, the receipts from thence were in goods and yarns, and it was some years before the shipments became extensive, notwithstanding the efforts of the East India Company to foster the business. The Southern cotton crops, and the great improvements in machinery, completely reversed the current of the commerce; and if the error committed by the British Cabinet and Mr. Jay, the American minister in 1794, had been permitted by a want of foresight on the part

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The sources of supply this year (1786) were as follow:

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